Fig 1.
Schematic diagram of the developed electrophysiology driven cardiovascular hemodynamic model.
Fig 2.
Block diagram of the cardiovascular system.
Pla, Vla, Plv, Vlv, Pra, Vra, Prv, Vrv are the pressure and volume in the left atrium and ventricle, right atrium and ventricle respectively. Psa and Ppa are the pressures in the systemic and pulmonary artery respectively. Cra, Cla, Clv, and Crv are the compliances across right atrium, left atrium, left ventricle, and right ventricle respectively, with associated delays of dla and d. The resistances across pulmonic and systemic vessels are Rp, Rs respectively. Rmi, Rao, Rtr, and Rpu are the valvular resistances for the mitral (MI), aortic (AO), tricuspid (TR) and pulmonary (PU) valves respectively.
Fig 3.
ECG simulation through EP forward pipeline and activation of cardiac chambers.
(a) Simulated ECG signal for the ith cardiac cycle. (b) Activation of cardiac chambers from ECG signal.
Fig 4.
Simulated pressure, volume signals and loops in healthy cardiac condition.
(a) Simulated pressure and volume waveforms across lv, and la. (b) Simulated PV-loops across lv, and rv.
Table 1.
Severity of MS based on the valvular area [41] (normal ≥4 cm2).
Table 2.
Simulation of MS severity (Rmi = 0.002 mmHg.sec/mL).
Table 3.
Severity of MR based on regurgitation fraction (RF) [44].
Table 4.
Constant parameters employed in CVS model during simulations.
Table 5.
As experimentally reported for healthy subjects [29, 45] versus the simulation output of the proposed approach.
Fig 5.
Stabilization of limit cycle for PV-loops of lv.
For reaching to a continuous limit-cycle in the PV state-space, the simulation takes 5 sec of time.
Fig 6.
Simulated outcomes of Mitral stenosis with progression of disease.
(a) Valvular diameters in MS, (b) Blood flow through Mitral valve, (c) PV-loop left ventricle, (d) Simulated PPG signal.
Table 6.
Simulated parameters in MS.
Table 7.
Simulated parameters in MR.
Fig 7.
Simulated outcomes of Mitral regurgitation.
(a) Valvular diameter, (b) Blood flow through Mitral valve, (c) Left ventricle PV-loop, (d) Simulated PPG signal.
Table 8.
Simulated hemodynamic parameters with measured ECG.
Table 9.
Temporal and amplitude related information obtained from the ECG signals of three patients from Physionet PTBI dataset [47], having mitral valve disorders.
Fig 8.
Induced stress behavior on pulmonary pressure (mmHg) for MS and MR.
(a) Pulmonary pressure (MS), (b) Pulmonary pressure (MR).