Table 1.
Vouchers included for DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing.
Table 2.
Primers and annealing temperatures used in amplification of molecular markers.
Table 3.
Nucleotide substitution models by gene and codon position.
Fig 1.
Anterior portion of mesethmoid in ventral view.
A. Rineloricaria cadeae, MCP 25920; B. Harttia guianensis, MHNG 2643.033; C. Farlowella henriquei, MCP 41992.Scale bar 1 mm.
Fig 2.
A. Sturisomatichthys festivus, CAS 168512. Abbreviations: md = mesethmoid disk; mpr = mesethmoid process. Scale bar 1 mm.
Fig 3.
A. Harttiella crassicauda, AUM 50387; B. Rineloricaria lanceolata, MCP 36454; C. Aposturisoma myriodon, MHNG 2710.035. Abbreviations: cpt = compound pterotic; f = frontal; n = nasal; orb = orbit; so = supraoccipital; sph = sphenotic. Arrows: see text. Scale bar 5 mm.
Fig 4.
A. Harttia guianensis, MHNG 2643.033; B. Pterosturisoma microps, MZUSP 79909; C. Sturisomatichthys panamensis, USNM 316293. Abbreviations: bo = basioccipital; cpt = compound pterotic; ex = exoccipital; io = infraorbital; le = lateral ethmoid; le-pr = lateral ethmoid process; me = mesethmoid; os = orbitosphenoid; pr = prootic; pr-pr = prootic process; ps = parasphenoid; tpcc = transverse process of complex centrum; vo = vomer. Scale bar 5 mm.
Fig 5.
Posterior portion of cranium in ventral view.
Sturisomatichthys festivus, CAS 168512. Abbreviations: bo = basioccipital; c6 = vertebral centrum 6; cc = complex centrum; cpt = compound pterotic; ex = exoccipital; pr = prootic; ps = parasphenoid; tpcc = transverse process of complex centrum; vpcc = ventralprocess of complex centrum. Arrows: see text. Scale bar 5 mm.
Fig 6.
Canal-bearing cheek plate in ventral view, left side.
A. Farlowella rugosa, AUM 48805; B. Cteniloricaria platystoma, AUM 48174; C. Harttia guianensis, MHNG 2643.033; D. Harttiella crassicauda, AUM 50387. Anterior towards top. Abbreviations: mpr = medial process. Scale bar 1 mm.
Fig 7.
Autopalatine and maxilla, dorsal view.
A. Sturisomatichthys reinae, NRM 15155; B. Farlowella mariaelenae, USNM 349392; C. Harttia gracilis, MZUSP 99678. Abbreviations: ap = autopalatine; spl = autopalatine splint; mx = maxilla; ap-pp = posterior process of autopalatine. Scale bar 2 mm.
Fig 8.
Suspensorium and mandible in lateral view.
A. Sturisoma robustum, MCP 15812; B. Sturisomatichthys reinae, NRM 15155; C. Harttiella crassicauda, AUM 50837; D. Harttia gracilis, MZUSP 99678; E. Pterosturisoma microps, MZUSP 79909; F. Farlowella mariaelenae, USNM 349392. Abbreviations: aa = anguloarticular; d = dentary; hyo = hyomandibula; lap = levator arcus palatine crest; mpt = metapterygoid; pop = preopercle; q = quadrate; sc = symphiseal cartilage. Arrows: see trext. Scale bar 2 mm.
Fig 9.
Hyoid and branchial arches in ventral view.
A. Harttiella crassicauda, AUM 50837; B. Harttia gracilis, MZUSP 99678; C. Sturisomatichthys reinae, NRM 15155; D. Farlowella mariaelenae, USNM 349392. Abbreviations: ahy = anterohyal; bb = basibranchial; cb = ceratobranchial; cbf = ceratobranchial flange; eb = epibranchial; hb = hypobranchial; hhy = hypohyal; ifb = infrapharyngobranchial; ltp = lower pharyngeal tooth plate; phy = posterohyal; utp = upper pharyngeal tooth plate. Arrow: see text. Scale bar 2 mm.
Fig 10.
Sturisomatichthys reinae, NRM 15155. Abbreviations: ahy = anterohyal; hhy = hypohyal; phy = posterohyal; uhy = urohyal. Scale bar 2 mm.
Fig 11.
Basibranchials in dorsal view.
A. Farlowella henriquei, MCP 41992; B. Harttia guianensis, MHNG 2643.033; C. Sturisomatichthys panamensis, USNM 316293; D. Sturisoma robustum, MCP 15812. Abbreviations: bb = basibranchial; hb = hypobranchial. Scale bar 2 mm.
Fig 12.
Lower pharyngeal tooth plate in ventral view.
A. Sturisomatichthys panamensis, USNM 316293; B. Sturisoma robustum, MCP 15812. Scale bar 1 mm.
Fig 13.
A. Lamontichthys parakana, MNRJ 13300; B. Sturisomatichthys panamensis, USNM 316293; C. Harttia guianensis, MHNG 2643.033; D. Harttiella crassicauda, AUM 50387. Abbreviations: eb = anterior process epibranchial 1; ep2-pr = epibranchial 2 process; ep3-pr = epibranchial 3 process; ep4-pr = epibranchial 4 process; ppr-ep1 = posterior process epibranchial 1; ep4 = epibranchial 4. Arrows: see text. Scale bar 1 mm.
Fig 14.
Upper pharyngeal tooth plate in ventral view.
A. Sturisomatichthys panamensis, USNM 316293; B. Sturisoma robustum, MCP 15812. Right side. Scale bar 1 mm.
Fig 15.
Anterior caudal vertebrae in lateral view.
Farlowella venezuelensis, USNM 163179. Abbreviations: c = vertebral centrum; hs = hemal spine; ns = neural spine; pns = paraneural spines. Scale bar 2 mm.
Fig 16.
Pectoral girdle in ventral view.
A. Rineloricaria quadrensis, MCP 11039; B. Sturisomatichthys tamanae, CAS 67414; C. Sturisoma robustum, MCP 15812; D. Farlowella mariaelenae, USNM 349392; E. Harttiella longicauda, MHNG 2723.042; F. Harttia loricariformis, MCP 11707. Abbreviations: ab = arrector bridge; arf = arrector fossa; bl = bony lamina; cl = cleithrum; co = coracoid; pfs = pectoral-fin spine. Scale bar 2 mm.
Fig 17.
Pelvic girdle in ventral view.
A. Harttia gracilis, MZUSP 99678; B. Sturisoma nigrirostrum, ANSP 199936; C. Sturisomatichthys reinae, NRM 15155; D. Harttiella crassicauda, AUM 50837. Abbreviations: alp = anterolateral process of basipterygium; amp = anteromesial process of basipterygium; bpt = basipterygium; cp = cartilage plug; dea = dorsal expansion of anterolateral process; ltp = lateropterygium; ppb = posterior process of basipterygium; pr1 = first pelvic-fin ray; vea = ventral expansion of anterolateral process. Scale bar 5 mm.
Fig 18.
Head in ventral view, upper lip showing absence/presence of dermal plates.
A. Cteniloricaria platystoma, AUM 48174; B. Farlowella acus, ANSP 130038. Scale bar 2 mm.
Fig 19.
Predorsal region in dorsal view.
A. Lamontichthys avacanoeiro, MNRJ 18553; B. Sturisomatichthys reinae, NRM 15155; C. Farlowella schreitmuelleri, FMNH 106985. Abbreviations: cbo = connecting bone; dfs = dorsal-fin spinelet; ds = dorsal series of plates; mds = middorsal series of plates; np = nuchal plate; pdp = predorsal plate; soc = parieto-supraoccipital. Scale bar 5 mm.
Fig 20.
A. Harttiella crassicauda, AUM 50392; B. Harttia punctata, MCP 45591; C. Harttia rhombocephala, MCP 16007; D. Cteniloricaria platystoma, AUM 48714; E. Farlowella acus, ANSP 130038; F. Sturisoma graffini, USNM 319351; G. Sturisomatichthys varii, FMNH 58333. Abbreviations: lapl = lateral abdominal plates; capl = central abdominal plates. Scale bar 5 mm.
Fig 21.
Tree obtained from Bayesian Inference analysis.
Posterior Probabilities values at nodes. Type-species names in bold.