Fig 1.
Host associations and DNA barcode divergence among Finnish louse flies.
(A) Examples of different louse flies in Finnish fauna. Top row: bird louse flies Ornithomya avicularia, O. chloropus and common swift louse fly Crataerina pallida (note the vestigial wings). Lower row: deer ked Lipoptena cervi, batflies Nycteribia kolenatii and Penicillidia monoceros. All images in scale, scale bar 1 mm. (B) Host associations among the three Ornithomya species. Only one Ornithophila metallica was found in this study and Crataerina spp. were collected from their specific hosts, as indicated in the results. (C) Neighbor-Joining tree for the species covered in this study. Note that the tree demonstrates sequence differences between the taxa and does not represent actual phylogeny. The barcode index number (BIN) for each taxon on the right margin.
Table 1.
Specimens included in the DNA barcode analysis.
Table 2.
Parameter estimates and P-values of the model explaining abundances of bird flies in different bird species.
Table 3.
Observed and expected (in brackets) number of host species breeding in forest, open habitats and wetlands in three bird fly species.
Table 4.
Observed and expected (in brackets) number of host species breeding in cavities, on ground and openly on trees in three bird fly species.
Table 5.
Observed and expected (in brackets) number of host species based on migratory strategy in three bird fly species.