Table 1.
Demographics for enrolled individuals with spinal cord injuries per initial group assignments.
Fig 1.
Study participant inclusion flow chart.
Fig 2.
A) Neck suction collar device which is applied over the anterior neck. Top image illustrating the inner portion where suction is applied, bottom image illustrating suction hose attachment; B) Example of key baroreflex sensitivity calculation measurements utilizing neck suction collar. Please see Statistical Methods subsection for details on calculating baroreflex sensitivity from these measurements.
Table 2.
Changes in key metrics over 6 months participation in each group.
Fig 3.
Mean changes in baroreflex sensitivity.
Change from baseline baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) for waitlist (n = 11), arms only exercise (n = 11), and whole-body exercise with hybrid-functional electrical stimulation (FES) rowing (n = 16) using results from the structural equation model. Note, after six months, individuals in waitlist and arms only exercise groups crossed over into whole-body exercise for an additional six months of training utilizing hybrid-FES rowing. As relative changes, all values start at baseline values of zero. The final timepoint at 6 months of hybrid-FES rowing converges at a single value due to the structural equation model quantifying changes between marked time points for each intervention, with the final time point identifying changes from 3 to 6 months of hybrid-FES rowing for all. * = results where p<0.05.
Table 3.
Effects of 6 months of whole-body exercise with hybrid functional electrical stimulation rowing for individuals with paraplegia and tetraplegia.