Fig 1.
Mutagenic activity of Ag-NP/NSP and Ag-NP/SMA on Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA1535) by Ames test with and without S9.
(a), (c), (e) and (g) were the results of Ames test without S9 (-S9) in TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA1535 strains, respectively; (b), (d), (f) and (h) were the results of Ames test with S9 (+S9) in TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA1535 strains, respectively. Each bar was the mean with standard deviation for three independent experiments. NC meant the negative control by using distilled water only. * denoted P < 0.05 as obtained by Student’s t test, where the statistical significance between the treated groups and negative control were analysed for each concentration. ** denoted P < 0.01 as obtained by Student’s t test, where the highly statistical significance between the tested groups and negative control were analysed for each concentration.
Fig 2.
Transmission electron micrographs of the E. coli morphology after incubation with Ag-NP/NSP and Ag-NP/SMA hybrids.
(a) No treatment, (b) Ag-NP/NSP (1/99), (c) Ag-NP/NSP (7/93) and (d) Ag-NP/NSP (15/85). Representative Ag-NP were labelled as red arrows in (e) Ag-NP/NSP (30/70), and (f) Ag-NP/SMA (7/93). Enlarged view of the area in (e) is shown in (h) with statistic size distribution of Ag-NP (g).
Fig 3.
Cytotoxicity of Ag-NP/NSP at different weight compositions and Ag-NP/SMA using the MTT assay.
HaCaT cells were incubated with 0–40 ppm Ag-NP concentration of nanocomposites for 24h. The percentage of survival cells was relative to the negative control cells (0 ppm) and by the mean ± standard deviation of four independent experiments. *denoted P < 0.05 as obtained by Student’s t test, where the statistical significance between the treated groups and control group (0 ppm) were analysed for each concentration, respectively. ** denoted P < 0.01 as obtained by Student’s t test, where the highly statistical significance between the tested groups and control group (0 ppm) were analysed for each concentration, respectively.
Table 1.
The IC10 and IC30 of Ag-NP/NSP and Ag-NP/SMA.
Table 2.
Genotoxicity of chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell on chromosome aberration after treating Ag-NP/NSP and Ag-NP/SMA.
Table 3.
In vivo genotoxicity of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) in mice after treating Ag-NP/NSP and Ag-NP/SMA.
Table 4.
Summary of antimicrobial efficacy, cell viability, and genotoxicity of Ag-NP/NSP and Ag-NP/SMA.
Fig 4.
Conceptual illustration of the interactions between the hybrids, Ag-NP/SMA (7/93) or Ag-NP/NSP (ranging from 1/99–30/70) with cells.