Fig 1.
IVC, inferior vena cava; SVC, superior vena cava; TV, tricuspid valve.
Fig 2.
Catheter tip designs A, B, C and D, with arterial and venous lumens indicated. Catheters A and B were set in reverse mode (for C and D designs, forward and reverse mode lead to the same model configuration).
Fig 3.
Diagrammatic overview of all computational models developed.
Acute refers to temporary catheter placement and chronic to permanent catheter placement, this is of relevance to the clinical use of the catheters.
Table 1.
Catheter dimensions.
Fig 4.
RA computational domain with example catheter inserted.
Fig 5.
Finite-element mesh cross-section of catheter B inserted in RA.
Table 2.
Mesh settings and quality assessment.
Fig 6.
Mesh convergence study for RA model.
Table 3.
Reynolds number study performed for the RA model.
Fig 7.
Time-dependent pressure, with diastolic and systolic periods represented, imposed at the inlets (adapted from Cohen et al. 1986).
This boundary condition can be generated with the code from the S8 File.
Table 4.
Gauge pressure values applied at catheter outlets and respective flow rates achieved [5].
Table 5.
CFD set-up.
Fig 8.
Relative percentage error for velocity (a) and pressure (b) measurements with increasing number of cardiac cycles.
Fig 9.
Example of volume definition to be placed at the tip.
Table 6.
Dimensions for the creation of tip volumes for all catheters.
Fig 10.
Right atrial flow patterns: Streamline fields representing velocity magnitude are presented (left), as well as isosurfaces representing vorticity (middle) and helicity (right), at the beginning of systole (t = 0.25 s).
Fig 11.
Blood flow rate profiles over one cardiac cycle at SVC, IVC and TV boundaries (generated with data from the S10 File).
Table 7.
Haemodynamic predictions for all catheter models.
Fig 12.
Time evolution of spatially averaged WSS and volume-averaged vorticity (generated with data from S11 File).
Fig 13.
Volume-averaged vorticity profile through the cardiac cycle for the RA and all catheter models (generated with data from S12 File).
(a) All designs are compared with the RA; (b) A and D tip placement changes do not greatly influence overall vorticity quantifications.
Fig 14.
Time-averaged WSS [Pa] for the whole RA domain.
Fig 15.
Time-averaged volume fraction of filtered blood (recirculation phase) within the RA for all catheter models.
Fig 16.
Volume-averaged shear stress profile through the cardiac cycle for all catheter venous lumen tips (generated with data from S13 File).
(a) All designs are present; (b) A and D tip placement changes impact on tip shear stress.
Fig 17.
Isosurface regions where blood shear stress is 10 Pa for all models at the beginning of systole t = 0.25 s.