Fig 1.
Overview of the different visual scanning metrics classified by approaches.
Fig 2.
ISAE-SUPAERO flight simulator with its external screens.
Fig 3.
Overview of the ten different AOIs: (1) Attitude indicator, (2) Speed tape, (3) Vertical speed tape, (4) Flight mode annunciator, (5) Heading tape, (6) Navigation display, (7) ND zone (displays the distance to recall during the two landing scenarios with the supplementary task), (8) Flight control unit, (9) Electronic centralized aircraft monitoring, (10) Out of the window.
Fig 4.
Analysis pipeline for the eye tracking data.
Fig 5.
Analysis pipeline for the flight parameters data.
Fig 6.
Flight performances for heading, vertical speed, and speed deviations among novices and pilots groups.
Error bars represent SD and * indicates main effects p < 0.05. (CS = control scenario; EDTS = Easy dual task scenario; HDTS = Hard dual task scenario).
Fig 7.
Omission number for the easy dual task scenario and hard dual task scenario among novices and pilots groups.
Error bars represent SD and * indicates main effects p < 0.05.
Fig 8.
From left to right, respectively the average dwell and the number of dwells averaged over all scenarios among novice and pilot groups.
Error bars represent SD and * indicates main effects p < 0.05.
Fig 9.
Confusion matrix of fivefold cross-validation using the Cosine K-Nearest neighbors among novices and Pilots groups during the baseline scenario.
Fig 10.
Markov chains (Left) and transition matrices (Right) AOI-based representations among novices (top) and pilots groups (bottom) during the baseline scenario.
Fig 11.
Ambient focal K coefficient during the control scenario, the easy dual task scenario, and hard dual task scenario among novices and pilots groups.
k > 0 indicates a focal visual attention, whereas k < 0 indicates an ambient visual attention. (error bars represent SD and * indicates main effects p < 0.05.
Fig 12.
Transition entropy during the control scenario, the easy dual task scenario, and the hard dual task scenario among novices and pilots groups.
Error bars represent SD and * indicates main effects p < 0.05.
Fig 13.
Number of common patterns sequence by N-grams length during the control scenario, the easy dual task scenario, and the hard dual task scenario among novices and pilots groups.
Table 1.
The most frequent trigrams involving unique AOIs in the pilot group during the Control Scenario (CS), the Easy Dual-Task Scenario (EDTS), and the Hard Dual-Task Scenario (HDTS).
Fig 14.
Lempel-Ziv complexity during the control scenario, the easy dual task scenario, and hard dual task scenario among novices and pilots groups.