Table 1.
Demographic, admission clinical, admission chemistry and imaging characteristics.
Fig 1.
Distributions of inflammatory marker concentrations recovered from brain extracellular fluid.
All microdialysis concentration values plotted for each of the 13 markers (n = 33) overall (not parsed by time point or by patient). Points plotted in a quasi-random fashion horizontally to avoid over-plotting. Abbreviations: ECF, extracellular fluid; GRO, growth-regulated oncogene; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL, interleukin; IL-1Ra, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist; IP-10, interferon-γ inducible protein-10; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein; MIP-1α, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-α; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
Fig 2.
Temporal concentrations of inflammatory markers recovered through microdialysis monitoring.
Concentrations (pg/mL) of inflammatory marker MCP-1 recovered from brain ECF obtained through microdialysis monitoring. Patient numbers were arbitrarily assigned. Patient lines are not visible where another is plotted directly on top of it (e.g. both patient’s values remain at baseline). Abbreviations: ECF, extracellular fluid; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein.
Fig 3.
Inflammatory marker spikes time-linked with metabolic data.
(A) Patient 2. (A1) Representative inflammatory markers illustrating a temporally linked spike in MIP-1α and IL-6 concentrations on Day 1 in the ECF. (A2) Glycerol concentrations in the ECF of patient 2 which show a peak without a rapid subsequent decline, indicating ongoing injury. (Glycerol is a marker of cellular injury). The time-period during which the Day 1 ECF sample was obtained is shown by the yellow rectangle. (B) Patient 6. (B1) Representative inflammatory markers showing temporally linked spike in GRO and IL-8 concentrations on Day 3 in the ECF. (B2) Upper panel: Glycerol concentrations in the ECF of patient 6. The time-period during which the Day 3 ECF sample was obtained is shown by the yellow rectangle and follows a rise in glycerol. Glycerol levels do not decrease thereafter, indicating ongoing injury. The lower panel shows the brain tissue oxygen monitoring including the time period during which the sample was taken (normal brain oxygen is greater than 20mmHg; 10mmHg is a critical threshold for brain hypoxia). (C) Patient 5. (C1) Representative inflammatory markers showing temporally linked spike in GRO and TNF-α concentrations on Day 4 in the ECF. (C2) Upper panel: Glucose concentrations in the ECF of patient 5. The time-period during which the Day 4 ECF sample was obtained is shown by the yellow rectangle and is associated with the low glucose concentration. The lower panel shows the corresponding fluctuation in the brain tissue oxygen monitoring including the time period during which the sample was taken (normal brain oxygen is greater than 20mmHg; 10mmHg is a critical threshold for brain hypoxia). Abbreviations: ECF, extracellular fluid; GRO, growth-regulated oncogene; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-8, interleukin-8; MIP-1α, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-α.
Fig 4.
Paired brain extracellular and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid cytokine concentrations.
Each VCSF sample analysed (n = 9) is plotted with its paired ECF which was obtained from the same patient at the same time point. Plotted values have been shifted horizontally to avoid over-plotting. Abbreviations: ECF, extracellular fluid; GRO, growth-regulated oncogene; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL, interleukin; IL-1Ra, interleukin 1 receptor antagonist; IP-10, interferon-γ inducible peptide; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein; MIP-1α, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-α; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VCSF, ventricular cerebrospinal fluid.