Fig 1.
The study area for Eurasian lynx in Southern Finland.
Spatial distribution of the two genetic clusters for a) female and b) male Eurasian lynx (Nmale = 180; Nfemale = 102) as well as admixed individuals in grey. Black boxes indicate the three geographical regions used for the LOCPRIOR function in STRUCTURE and as an alternative grouping for summary statistics studied. Reprinted from National Land Survey of Finland 06/2020 under a CC BY 4.0 license, with permission from CSC—IT Center for Science Ltd, urn:nbn:fi:att:64cdb2e7-0b10-48f2-bfea-ed5c089d8de3, original copyright 2019.
Table 1.
Genetic diversity estimates for two genetic clusters and three geographical groups of Eurasian Lynx in southern Finland during 2003–2017.
Fig 2.
Spatial genetic structure identified by Bayesian cluster assignment analysis for Eurasian lynx in southern Finland.
A-C show the DeltaK plots for (A) the combined data set, (B) females, and (C) males, respectively. (D-G) CLUMPAK-averaged Bayesian clustering (STRUCTURE) plots showing posterior probabilities of lynx individual genotypes (as bars) assigned to each genetic cluster based on STR data for K = 2–3. Individuals are sorted by geography from west to east in STRUCTURE bar plots. (D) sexes combined (N = 282), 2E) females (N = 102), and 2F) males (N = 180). In addition, (G) shows the bar plot for females across three geographical regions as retrieved from a STRUCTURE run with the LOCPRIOR option.
Fig 3.
Spatial autocorrelation within geographic distance classes for genetic clusters and geographical groups.
(A) Combined spatial structure analysis for females in both genetic clusters and the admixed individuals. (B) Combined spatial structure analysis for males in both genetic clusters and the admixed individuals. (C) Spatial autocorrelation for females in both genetic clusters and admixed individuals. (D) Spatial autocorrelation for females in both genetic clusters and admixed individuals. Genetic cluster 1 = orange line, genetic cluster 2 = blue line, admixed individuals = grey line. F = females, M = males. 3E) Combined spatial structure analysis for females based on geographical regions. 3F) Combined spatial structure analysis for males based on geographical regions. 3G) Spatial autocorrelation for females in the three geographical regions. 3H) Spatial autocorrelation for males in the three geographical regions: WEST = orange line, CENTRAL = blue line, and EAST = grey line. The 95% confidence interval for the null hypothesis of random distribution is given as a dashed line, the bootstrap errors are displayed as whiskers.
Table 2.
Analysis of Molecular variance (AMOVA) among genetic clusters and geographical regions for the Eurasian lynx in southern Finland 2003–2017.
Fig 4.
Frequency distribution and mean of corrected genetic assignment indices (AIc) for lynx males and females.
(A) Frequency distribution of AIc (corrected Assignment Index) values in the entire data set. Data for males shown in black bars and data for females shown in white bars. (B) Mean AIc values in males and females.
Table 3.
Genetic FSTAT statistic among genetic clusters and geographical regions for the Eurasian lynx in southern Finland 2003–2017.
Fig 5.
Comparison of lynx relatedness estimates among genetic clusters (A) and geographical regions (B). Abbreviations: CL1F = cluster 1 females, CL2F = cluster 2 females, ADXF = admixed females, CL1M = cluster 1 males, CL2 = cluster 2 males, ADXM = admixed males. WEST = western geographical region, CENTRAL = geographical region situated in the centre of the distribution range, EAST = eastern geographical region. The upper (U) and lower (L) boundaries for the 95% confidence interval for the null hypothesis of random distribution is given as red lines, the bootstrap errors are displayed as whiskers.