Table 1.
Extraction yield of the examined extracts.
Fig 1.
Location of the investigated area (Vršačke Planine Mts., Nature Park, Serbia) and illustrated steps of the preparation and chemical characterization of the Hedwigia ciliata extracts.
Downloaded and modified from http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/.
Table 2.
Distribution of secondary metabolites in Hedwigia ciliata extracts.
Table 3.
LC/MS analyses of the extracts.
Fig 2.
Antioxidant activity–the capacity of the extracts (E1, E2, E3) to inhibit lipid peroxidation by measuring the inhibition rate of ß-carotene bleaching (%).
The results are expressed as the inhibition percentage, as mean value ± SE from an experiment performed in triplicate: * p<0.05; different concentrations of extracts vs. BHT (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene); # p<0.05; different concentrations of extracts vs. BHA (2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole); + p<0.05; different concentrations of extracts vs. AA (ascorbic acid).
Fig 3.
Antidiabetic activity–effects of the extracts (E1, E2 and E3) against α-glucosidase.
The results are expressed as the inhibition percentage, as mean value ± SE from an experiment performed in triplicate (* p<0.05; different concentrations of extracts vs. corresponding standard, acarbose).
Fig 4.
Antineurodegenerative and anti-neuroinflammatory activity–effects of the corresponding extracts (E1, E2, E3) towards acetylcholinesterase (A) and tyrosinase (B). The results are expressed as the inhibition percentage, as mean value ± SE from an experiment performed in triplicate (* p<0.05; ** p<0.01 different concentrations of extracts vs. corresponding standard, galantamine or kojic acid). (C) Anti-neuroinflammatory activity of the extracts towards BV2 cell line–the effect of investigated extracts on the viability, NO production (measured by nitrite level), and ROS production in vitro after 24 h of exposure. The results are expressed as the mean ± SE from a representative experiment of three independent experiments performed in quadruplicate (** p<0.01 extract vs. LPS-treated cells).
Fig 5.
Antitumor activity of the extracts towards MDA-MB-231 cell line in vitro after 24 h of exposure; (A) MTT test–The effect of investigated extracts on the viability; (B) NBT test–The effect of investigated extracts on ROS production; (C) NO test–The effect of investigated extracts on NO production (measured by nitrite level). The results are expressed as the mean ± SE from a representative experiment of three independent experiments performed in quadruplicate (*p<0.05; ** p<0.01 extract vs. non-treated control cells).