Fig 1.
Design of the experimental plots showing 1m2 quadrats in 10m x 10 m plots.
Fig 2.
Mean values/10m2 for ecological indices of invaded vs. control plots in different sites.
Table 1.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of invasion impacts and sites on diversity indices of local plant communities.
Table 2.
Student’s t-test for significance of differences between uninvaded and invaded plots at different sites.
Fig 3.
Multidimensional scaling (MDS) and analyses of similarity (ANOSIM) for two study sites, Gulmarg (left) and Drang (right).
Fig 4.
Multidimensional scaling (MDS) and analyses of similarity (ANOSIM) for pooled data of both sites (1–20 indicate invaded plots, 21–40 control ones).
Table 3.
SIPMER analysis of Leucanthemum invaded and uninvaded sites in Gulmarg and Drung.
Fig 5.
Mean value and comparison of above and belowground Net pr. productivity (g/m2/y) between Gulmarg and Drung.
Fig 6.
Scatterplot showing the negative correlation between net primary productivity and species richness.
Fig 7.
Species richness (per 1 m2 plot) before and after treatment for each treatment plot.
L. vulgare treatment showing highest species richness after treatment with a significant difference when compared with reference invaded plot (p = 0.0001).
Fig 8.
Species evenness (per 1 m2 plot) before and after treatment for each treatment plot with Mowing+herbicide+digging treatment showing highest species evenness after treatment with a significant difference when compared with reference invaded plot (p = 0.0001).
Fig 9.
Community diversity (per 1 m2 plot) before and after treatment for each treatment plot with mowing + herbicide + digging treatment showing highest species diversity after treatment with a significant difference when compared with reference invaded plot (p = 0.0001).
Fig 10.
L. vulgare cover % (per 1 m2 plot) before and after treatment for each treatment plot with L. vulgare uprooted treatment proved to be efficient in reducing the L. vulgare cover after treatment with a significant difference when compared with reference invaded plot (p = 0.0001).
Fig 11.
Co-occurring species cover % (per 1 m2 plot) before and after treatment for each treatment plot with L. vulgare uprooted treatment proved to be efficient in producing highest co-occurring species cover % after treatment with a significant difference when compared with reference invaded plot (p = 0.0001).
Fig 12.
Rarefaction curve showing cumulative number of species recorded as a function of sampling effort.