Table 1.
Significant (p<0.05/2) and marginally significant differences (p<0.10/2) within identical twin pairs for comparisons considering both stressed and unstressed vowels.
Two-tailed test with Bonferroni correction.
Table 2.
Number of significant differences (p<0.05/2) among non-genetically related speakers for comparisons considering both stressed and unstressed vowels.
Two-tailed test with Bonferroni correction.
Table 3.
Significant (p<0.05/2) and marginally significant differences (p<0.10/2) within identical twins for stressed and unstressed vowels.
Two-tailed test with Bonferroni correction.
Table 4.
Number of significant differences among non-genetically related speakers for stressed and unstressed vowels (p<0.05/2).
Two-tailed test with Bonferroni correction.
Table 5.
Effect size estimates for each vowel segment and each formant frequency.
Fig 1.
Two-dimensional vocalic space comparisons between identical twin pairs (A) and stressed and unstressed vowel data points by speaker (B).
Fig 2.
Front vowels (A) and back vowels (B) vocalic spaces’ means and confidence interval for intra-identical twin pairs comparisons.
Table 6.
Intervocalic Euclidean distances and mean F1-F2 values between phonetic vowels.
Fig 3.
Effects of lexical stress in the two-dimensional vocalic space intra- and inter-speakers.