Fig 1.
Geographical distribution of the investigated South Indian zebu cattle breeds.
Table 1.
Summary diversity statistics for draught type zebu, taurine and crossbred cattle of South India.
Fig 2.
NeighborNet tree constructed based on Nei’s genetic distance among zebu, taurine and crossbred cattle.
Table 2.
Pairwise FST (upper triangle) and pairwise Nei’s genetic distance (lower triangle) among draught type zebu, taurine and crossbred cattle from South India.
Fig 3.
Multidimensional scaling display of pairwise FST among South Indian cattle (a) draught type zebu, taurine and crossbred cattle (normalized raw stress = 0.008) and (b) among draught type zebu cattle only (normalized raw stress = 0.029).
Fig 4.
Bayesian clustering of 516 cattle under assumption of 2 to 8 clusters without a priori population information.
The population names are given below the box plot with the individuals of different populations separated by vertical black lines.
Table 3.
Analysis of variance (AMOVA) among draught type zebu cattle from South India.
Table 4.
Haplogroup classification and diversity of mtDNA control region haplotypes in zebu, taurine and crossbred cattle of South India.
Table 5.
Polymorphism and diversity of mtDNA control region haplotypes in zebu, taurine and crossbred cattle of South India.
Fig 5.
Multidimensional scaling display of pairwise FST among (a) I1 mtDNA haplotypes and (b) I2 mtDNA haplotypes of zebu cattle from South India, North India, West India and Nepal (normalized raw stress for I1 and I2 haplotypes was 0.021 and 0.027 respectively).
Table 6.
Analysis of molecular variance among mtDNA haplotypes of zebu cattle of South India, Indus valley site and Gangetic plains.
Fig 6.
Mismatch distribution of pairwise nucleotide differences among mtDNA control region haplogroups of zebu cattle.
Table 7.
Tests for demographic expansion based on mismatch analysis and neutrality in South Indian draught type Zebu cattle.
Fig 7.
Median joining network of mtDNA control region haplotypes of draught type zebu, taurine and crossbred cattle from South India and Zebu cattle from China, Nepal, Vietnam, North India, West India (size of the circle indicates frequency of haplotypes).
Fig 8.
Proportion of sampled cattle (in %) with different levels of taurine admixture in South Indian zebu cattle breeds.