Fig 1.
Configuration of the reference antenna design (a) 1st design, (b) 2nd design, (c) 3rd design, (d) 4th design (reference antenna), and (e) Back view for all designs.
Fig 2.
S11 of the evolution designs.
Table 1.
Optimal values of the reference antenna dimensions (mm).
Fig 3.
(a) Mushroom-like EBG unit cell, and (b) Bandgap characteristics of (a).
Fig 4.
Vialess square patch EBG unit cell, and (b) Bandgap characteristics of (a).
Fig 5.
(a) Vialess proposed EBG unit, and (b) Band-gap characteristics of the proposed vialess EBG unit cell.
Table 2.
Optimal values of the proposed EBG dimensions (mm).
Fig 6.
(a) Front view of the reference antenna with EBG, (b) Back view of the reference antenna with EBG, (c) Front view of the modified antenna with EBG, (d) Back view of the modified antenna with EBG, (e) Front view of Modified antenna, and (f) Back view of Modified antenna.
Fig 7.
S11 of the reference antenna alone, the integrated reference antenna with EBG, the modified antenna with EBG, and the modified antenna alone.
Table 3.
Optimal values of the modified antenna dimensions (mm).
Fig 8.
Surface current (a) Modified antenna alone, (b) Reference antenna, and (c) Modified antenna with EBG.
Fig 9.
S11 result of the reference antenna alone, and integrated modified antenna with EBG.
Fig 10.
Normalized radiation performance of the reference antenna alone, and integrated modified antenna with EBG vialess (a) x-z plane, and (b) y-z plane.
Fig 11.
S11 performance based on bending along (a) x-z plane, and (b) y-z plane.
Fig 12.
Radiation pattern performance based on bending at diameter d = 140 along x-z and y-z planes.
Fig 13.
Developed human models (a) Arm, and (b) Chest.
Table 4.
Fig 14.
(a) Proposed design on chest, (b) Proposed design on arm, (c) Reference antenna on chest, and (d) Reference antenna on arm.
Fig 15.
S11 performance of designs placing on the chest and the arm (a) Reference antenna and (b) Proposed design.
Fig 16.
S11 performance with varying the dielectric constant of the skin layer (a) Reference antenna and (b) Proposed design.
Fig 17.
Radiation pattern performance placing on chest and arm (a) Reference antenna, and (b) Proposed design.
Table 5.
SAR (W/kg) values of proposed design.
Fig 18.
SAR values of proposed design when touch the skin over 1 g (a) On chest, (b) On arm y-axis, and (c) On arm x-axis.
Table 6.
SAR (W/kg) values of varying the dielectric constant of skin layer.
Table 7.
Comparison of previous work with proposed design based on flexible materials at 2.4 GHz.