Fig 1.
A hypothetical scenario of the fundatrix specialization.
Concept of speciation by loss of primary host from Moran [33].
Table 1.
Summary statistics for microsatellite data from all aphid populations.
Fig 2.
(A) Haplotype network for COI DNA barcode dataset (583 bp) using NETWORK ver. 5.0.1.1 [54]. Pie chart distribution based on each HAP; (B) Haplotype network for COI DNA barcode dataset (583 bp) using NETWORK. Pie chart distribution based on each group of five lineages in the two species.
Table 2.
Pairwise FST divergence between 36 HAPs of the two species, A. gossypii groups (Ag) and A. rhamnicola groups (Ar).
Table 3.
Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) results for microsatellite data analysis of aphids grouped by three cases: (1) gossypii vs rhamnicola, (2) perennial vs non-perennial host groups in A. gossypii, (3) perennial vs non-perennial host groups in A. rhamnicola.
Fig 3.
A plot of the principal coordinate analysis based on the first two factors for 578 individuals of the four gossypii group species.
Each color corresponds to that shown in the results of STRUCTURE when K = 3 (Fig 3); white –23 HAPs of A. gossypii; blue–Rhamnus group, 7 HAPs of A. rhamnicola; green–Rubia group, 6 HAPs of A. rhamnicola. First and second coordinate axes account for (26.13 and 11.90) %, respectively.
Fig 4.
Genetic structure of 36 HAPs of the two gossypii complex species (A. gossypii and A. rhamnicola) for 578 individuals performed by STRUCTURE 2.3.3 [70].
Results are shown for K = (2 to 5). Pop ID. (top) corresponds to Table 1, and the scientific plant name of each HAP is shown (bottom).
Fig 5.
Mean assignment rate (blue bar, values on left) from 391 Aphis gossypii individuals into each population (x column), and self-assignment rate (orange line, values on right) of individuals of each population using GENECLASS 2 [73].
Fig 6.
Mean assignment rate (blue bar, values on left) from 187 Aphis rhamnicola individuals into each population (x column), and self-assignment rate (orange line, values on right) of individuals of each population using GENECLASS 2 [73].
Table 4.
Probabilities (with 95% confidence intervals in brackets) of the logistic regression for the scenarios in three different analyses inferred from DIYABC [77].