Table 1.
Encoding table for a = 2.
Table 2.
16 × 16 matrix.
Table 3.
Initial confusion encoding table.
Fig 1.
DNA structure design for sequencing.
(a) DNA sequencing structure. Each DNA sequencing structure length is 200nt, including 160nt DNA ciphertext information and 20nt reassembly parts at both ends. Reassembly part contains 15nt adapter and 5nt index. (b) Construction of DNA mixtures. The DNA mixtures consists of synthetic DNA sequencing structures.
Fig 2.
Security parameters confusion.
Fig 3.
Confounding parameters encryption.
Fig 4.
Confounding parameters decryption.
Fig 5.
Security parameters decryption.
Fig 6.
Flow chart of encryption and decryption algorithm.
The algorithm includes data and parameters cipher. The security parameters used in data cipher algorithm include key0, μ0, g0, μ1, g1, r, and the confounding parameters used in parameter cipher algorithm include key1, key2, Pk.
Fig 7.
Parameters plaintext characters frequency.
Fig 8.
Parameters ciphertext characters frequency.
Fig 9.
Parameters ciphertext characters frequency for key1 = 5.
Fig 10.
Parameters ciphertext characters frequency for key2 = 6.
Fig 11.
Parameters ciphertext characters frequency for Pk = 2.
Fig 12.
Frequency analysis of original and encrypted image.
(a) and (b) are original image pixel frequency histograms. (c) and (d) are encrypted image pixel frequency histograms.
Table 4.
Variance analysis for the uniformity of encrypted image.
Table 5.
Information entropy of encrypted image.
Table 6.
Encryption time comparison(s).
Table 7.
Total encryption time comparison of the algorithms.
Table 8.
The features of effective DNA cryptography schemes.
Table 9.
The features comparison of DNA-based one-time-pad schemes.
Table 10.
The key space comparison of DNA encryption algorithms.
Fig 13.
(a) Original Lena image. (b) Ciphered Lena image using (μ0, g0) = (3.78, 0.51). (c) Ciphered Lena image using (μ0, g0) = (3.780000000001, 0.510000000001). (d) Difference between (b) and (c).
Fig 14.
(a) Original Lena image. (b) Ciphered Lena image using (μ1, g1) = (3.92, 0.44). (c) Ciphered Lena image using (μ1, g1) = (3.920000000001, 0.440000000001). (d) Difference between (b) and (c).
Table 11.
NPCR and UACR performance of ciphered Lena image.
Fig 15.
The biological encryption process for the data.