Table 1.
Demographic of the study cases.
Fig 1.
Schematic drawing illustrating the measured morphological parameters of the femur.
Definition of each parameter is described in Table 2. (a) and (b): posterior view, (c): superior view of a femur.
Table 2.
Definition of the measured morphological parameters.
Table 3.
List of muscles included in the musculoskeletal model.
Fig 2.
Four different element sizes (2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4 mm) were tested. The mesh was converged at the 3 mm element size (highlighted above as ×). This element size was used for all five subjects in the final finite element analysis. DOF = degrees of freedom.
Fig 3.
Multiscale modelling workflow.
Diagram illustrates the various steps of the multiscale modelling workflow followed in this study: musculoskeletal modelling (top left), CT based finite element modelling (top right), and body-organ coupling (bottom) by applying the muscle and joint forces to the finite element model.
Table 4.
Morphological parameters measured for the five femora.
Table 5.
Data analysed for musculoskeletal and finite element models.
Fig 4.
First and third principal strains predicted by the finite element models of the five cases.
The peak strain values were predicted at each of the 100 intervals across one gait cycle.
Fig 5.
Hip and knee joint contact forces and muscles forces.
A selection of the major muscles attached to the proximal femur as calculated by the musculoskeletal models along a full gait cycle for the five cases normalised by the body weight (BW).
Fig 6.
Correlation analyses performed for the peak first principal strain in the femoral neck and the gluteus medius muscle (left), and hip joint contact forces (right) acting on the femur during a full gait cycle normalised by the body weight (BW).
Fig 7.
The overall First and third principal strain distribution within the femoral neck.
Strains are shown at 15%, 30%, 50%, and 75% of the gait cycle for all the cases. The locations of the peak strains are indicated by the red circle.
Fig 8.
Peak first principal strain as predicted in the femoral neck at the 15%, 30%, and 50% of the gait cycle for all the cases.
Heel strike and toe off, at which the two peaks of the principal strain are predicted, are indicated in grey shaded area. The location of the peak first principal strain region is indicated by the red circle. Region of interest at which the peak strains were estimated is indicated on the bottom right of the figure.