Fig 1.
Distribution of confirmed COVID-19 cases in São Paulo State as of April 18th 2020, Brazil.
The size of the circles is proportional to the number of cases reported in each municipality. The map also shows the main roads that cross the state, the typology of each municipality, and the direction of disease spread on three different moments of epidemic course. The map was made using the software ArcGIS (version 10.8).
Fig 2.
Airway connections in March and April of 2020 at São Paulo State, Brazil.
Red (March month) and orange (April month) colors show airport connections among different cities of São Paulo, as well as among São Paulo State and other states in Brazil or other countries. Line thickness is proportional to the number of passengers moving from one city to another. The map was made using the software QGIS 3.10.
Fig 3.
Level of urban hierarchy find at São Paulo State: Metropolis, regional capital, subregional center, zone centers, and local center.
The tree diagram schematizes the hierarchy of the main cities, and the lines that divided the territory (the yellow and black borders) show the regions of influence of cities classified as level 1, 2, and 3 of urban hierarchy. The map was made using the software ArcGIS (version 10.8).
Fig 4.
Dispersion map for COVID-19 in São Paulo State Brazil from March 25 to April 18, 2020.
The color spectrum indicates early introduction areas (in red) to those of the more recent COVID-19 introduction (in blue). The main roadways that cross São Paulo State and the urban hierarchy level of each municipality is displayed. The map was made using the software ArcGIS (version 10.8).
Fig 5.
Elementary spatial structures associated with COVID-19 spread in São Paulo State, Brazil.
Around the main map, we display the structures that comprise it, such as road axes, regional airports, the metropolitan area of São Paulo city, municipalities keys as centers of disease dispersion from the metropolitan area to inner state, and municipalities where the oldest population of São Paulo lives.
Table 1.
Epidemiologic COVID-19 data for São Paulo State capital and hotspots cities for disease introduction and spread on April 18th (see Fig 5).