Table 1.
Summary of 137 caraway accessions used in this study.
Fig 1.
Estimated genome size (in pg/2C) of caraway based on flow cytometric analysis of 35 accessions.
Three biological replicates per accession were investigated.
Fig 2.
Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) for 137 caraway accessions based on 13,155 SNP loci using Darwin software.
(A) and (B) display PCoA for both subpopulations and discriminate flowering types. (C) and (D) display PCoA for subpopulation P1, containing all annual flowering types except SG4 and discriminate classifications. (E) and (F) display PCoA for subpopulation P2, containing all biennial flowering types and SG4 and discriminate classifications.
Fig 3.
Estimated membership coefficients of 137 caraway accessions based on 13,155 SNP loci using STRUCTURE software.
For (A) K = 2 and (B) K = 6. Accessions are sorted by decreasing membership coefficient for C1 (K = 2). The dashed line indicates the threshold of 0.5.
Fig 4.
Neighbor joining tree for 137 caraway accessions based on 13,155 SNP loci, built using the BIONJ algorithm and a Euclidian distance matrix.
Nodes which were supported below 30% by bootstrapping were dissolved to multifurcations. Green = biennial flowering types, red = annual flowering types. For better visibility, the tree was parted into two rows. On the left, there are all accessions of P2. On the right, there are all accessions of P1 with an overlapping part from P2.
Fig 5.
Observed (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE) measured across 13,155 SNP loci for various subsets of caraway accessions.
Subsets: 1. Annual breeding material, n = 53. 2. Annual cultivars, n = 6. 3. Annual subgroup SG4, n = 4. 4. Biennial cultivars, n = 19. 5. Biennial landraces, n = 12. 6. Biennial wild material, n = 29. 7. All 137 accessions including non-classified accessions. Error bars = standard errors.