Fig 1.
Phylogenetic analysis and population structure of Y. pestis strains of the medieval biovar (2.MED lineage) from natural foci of the Northern Caspian and Northern Aral Sea regions, other foci of the world.
A. Map of natural plague foci of the Northern Caspian and Northern Aral Sea regions in Russia and Kazakhstan. The index number corresponds to the classification of foci, applied in Russia and other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States: 1 –Central-Caucasian high-mountain, 3 –Dagestan plain-piedmont, 6 –Zangezur-Karabakh high-mountain, 14 –Caspian North-Western steppe, 15 –Volga-Ural steppe, 16 –Volga-Ural sandy, 17 –Ural-Wil steppe, 18 –Ural-Emben desert, 19 –Pre-Ustyurt desert, 21 –North-Aral desert, 24 –Aral-Karakum desert, 43 –Caspian sandy foci. B. Maximum Likelihood tree based on 1668 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified among 38 Y. pestis strains from the Northern Caspian and Northern Aral Sea regions, as well as 7 strains from other regions of the world. Branches are colored to indicate the focus of origin. SNPs in MN1-MN6 nodes are listed in the S4 Table.
Fig 2.
Directions of spread of Y. pestis of medieval biovar, phylogenetic branch 2.MED1 in the Northern Caspian and Northern Aral Sea regions in the 20th-21st centuries.
The blue arrow indicates the direction of spread of the 2.MED1 branch in the first half of the 20th century, the red arrow–in the second half of the 20th-early 21st century. Green color marks plain and low-mountain foci of the souslik type, yellow–plain and low-mountain foci of the gerbil type, blue–high-mountain foci of the souslik type, pink–high-mountain foci of the vole type. The index number corresponds to the classification of foci, applied in Russia and other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States: 1 –Central-Caucasian high-mountain, 3 –Dagestan plain-piedmont, 6 –Zangezur-Karabakh high-mountain, 14 –Caspian North-Western steppe, 15 –Volga-Ural steppe, 16 –Volga-Ural sandy, 17 –Ural-Wil steppe, 18 –Ural-Emben desert, 19 –Pre-Ustyurt desert, 21 –North-Aral desert, 24– Aral-Karakum desert, 43 – Caspian sandy foci.