Fig 1.
Communities detected on the paternal-maternal surname network.
Some communities show a strong presence of surnames related to an ethnic group, while others are mixed. The two communities with the most significant presence of Mapuche are also those with the lowest SES (socioeconomic status) index. The communities with higher SES exhibit a strong presence of aristocratic, Jewish, and Palestinian surnames. Finally, some smaller communities show groups with little connection with the rest of society but a robust internal connectivity, as is the Romani and the Korean communities.
Fig 2.
Histograms of the three distance functions computed using the isonymy matrix.
The Euclidean distance (ED) shows better separability than the other two functions.
Fig 3.
D-values and effective surname numbers.
a) 250 iterations of MSST were ran recording the D-values of every pair of consecutive MSTs; b) The effective surname number sorted in decreasing order show a segmentation of communities per α.
Fig 4.
Fraction of parlamentarians per community in the paternal-maternal surname affinity network.
Communities 5 and 7 had a salient representation in the 19th century, with a decline during the 20th century. Community 0 has had a presence since the congress’s creation and shows a slight increase in its representation in the last decades. The other communities have meager representation.
Fig 5.
Spatial distribution of the communities detected on the paternal-maternal surname network.
Some communities are clearly associated to certain areas, while others are spread across the city. The map is shown segmented by communes, which correspond to the Metropolitan region’s territorial political division. The colors indicate the presence of the community in each commune. Only communes with a presence of at least 10% of the indicated community have been colored. The more intense colors indicate a higher presence.
Fig 6.
The isonymy network and its spatial projection in Santiago de Chile.
a) The Isonymy network visualized using a Fruchterman-Reingold layout. The four communities are coloured showing a great separability among them; b) The spatial projection of the four communities in Santiago de Chile.
Fig 7.
Skeleton of the isonymy network.
Highly connected nodes uncover the skeleton of the network starting from the north eastern and ending in the periphery of the city.
Fig 8.
SES and effective surname numbers within each community.
a) Distribution of SES per community; b) Distribution of the effective surname number per community; and c) Scatter plot between SES and the effective surname number.