Fig 1.
Box plots comparing bacterial alpha diversity indices between sputum and saliva, including Shannon diversity, number of observed amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), and Faith’s phylogenetic diversity.
Fig 2.
Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) of Bray-Curtis distances of bacteria in saliva and sputum samples.
Fig 3.
Box plots comparing bacterial diversity indices in sputum between high and low traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) exposure groups; Shannon diversity, number of observed amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), and Faith’s phylogenetic diversity.
Table 1.
Mean (95% confidence interval) and p-value for each bacterial alpha diversity measure in the sputum by TRAP exposure, asthma status, and gender.
Table 2.
Linear regression model results examining the effect of traffic pollution, asthma status, gender, and socioeconomic status (mother’s education) on the bacterial alpha diversity indices in sputum.
Fig 4.
Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) of Bray-Curtis distances of bacteria in sputum microbiota from each TRAP exposure group, asthma status group, and gender.
Fig 5.
Bar plots showing the relative abundance of bacterial phyla in sputum across (A) TRAP exposure groups, (B) asthma status groups, and (C) genders.
Fig 6.
DESeq2 results showing the log2 fold-change values (x-axis) of bacteria in sputum between TRAP exposure groups.
Each line on the y-axis indicates the family, each point represents an individual ASV within that family, and the color of the point indicates the phylum.
Fig 7.
Violin plot comparing the total bacterial load, as measured by qPCR, in the sputum of each TRAP exposure group, each asthma status group, and each gender.