Fig 1.
Reprinted background map from the National Catalogue Service for Geographic Information (www.webmap.cn) under a CC BY license, with permission from the National Geomatics Center of China, original copyright 2020.
Fig 2.
The development of the population, GDP and total retail sales of the GBA from 2000 to 2018.
Fig 3.
The overview of the research framework.
Fig 4.
The changes in (a) and growth rates of (b) the populations, GDP and total retail sales of the different cities.
Fig 5.
Tree diagram of the hierarchical clustering analysis.
Table 1.
Hierarchical clustering results.
Fig 6.
Classification of the urban development characteristics of the cities in the GBA.
Reprinted background map from the National Catalogue Service for Geographic Information (www.webmap.cn) under a CC BY license, with permission from the National Geomatics Center of China, original copyright 2020.
Fig 7.
Gravity centers and SDEs of the population, GDP and total retail sales of the GBA.
Reprinted background map from the National Catalogue Service for Geographic Information (www.webmap.cn) under a CC BY license, with permission from the National Geomatics Center of China, original copyright 2020.
Fig 8.
Comparison of the latitudes and longitudes of the population, GDP and total retail sales gravity centers in the GBA.
Fig 9.
Net increase in the population, GDP and total retail sales of the GBA (2018 vs. 2000).
Reprinted background map from the National Catalogue Service for Geographic Information (www.webmap.cn) under a CC BY license, with permission from the National Geomatics Center of China, original copyright 2020.
Fig 10.
The contribution of each city to the movements of the gravity centers.