Table 1.
Withdraw percentages by student group and mode of instruction.
Fig 1.
Demographic comparisons of the online biology program compared to the in-person biology program.
BLNP refers to Black, Latinx, Native American, and Pacific Islanders. First-generation students are those for whom neither parent had earned a college degree. Pell eligible refers to low-income students.
Table 2.
Models compared for research question 2.
Table 3.
Regression results for research questions 2a and 2b.
BLNP refers to Black, Latinx, Native American, and Pacific Islanders. First-generation students are those for whom neither parent had earned a college degree. Pell eligible refers to low-income students.
Fig 2.
Predicted demographic effects and interactions with online instruction mode based on model D.
Model D includes only the interaction involving college generation; the remaining interactions are shown for reference. Overall, model D finds a large and negative effect associated with online instruction and smaller negative effects associated with each of the underrepresented demographic groups. The significant interaction between generation status and online instruction shows that the effect of generation status is present only for in-person instruction. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. BLNP refers to Black, Latinx, Native American, and Pacific Islanders. First-generation students are those for whom neither parent had earned a college degree. Pell eligible refers to low-income students.
Table 4.
Models compared for research question 3.
Fig 3.
Predicted demographic effects and interactions with online instruction mode based on model Q.
Model Q includes the two- and three-way interactions involving college generation; the remaining interactions are shown for reference. As with model D (Fig 2), model Q finds a large and negative effect associated with online instruction and a significant positive interaction for first-generation students online. The added three-way interaction shows that the interaction between college generation and online instruction is seen most strongly among women. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. BLNP refers to Black, Latinx, Native American, and Pacific Islanders. First-generation students are those for whom neither parent had earned a college degree. Pell eligible refers to low-income students.
Table 5.
Models compared for research question 4.
Table 6.
Regression results for models examining whether online modality exacerbates or reduces any grade disparities for students holding multiple social identities underrepresented in STEM.
BLNP refers to Black, Latinx, Native American, and Pacific Islanders. First-generation students are those for whom neither parent had earned a college degree. Pell eligible refers to low-income students.