Fig 1.
Vintage boxplot of microbial species Richness (S) and Shannon Index (H’) values.
Boxplots (A) and (B) represent the fungal and prokaryotic species richness variations, respectively. Correspondingly, figures (C) and (D) represent the fungal and prokaryotic Shannon Index estimate variations. Pairwise-comparisons between vintages for (S) and (H’) in both communities are also established. The statistical analysis was done separately for each community that included an initial (S) and (H’) comparison between all three vintages using a Kruskal Wallis test (Richness: p = 0.0024 for fungi and p = 0.0142 for prokaryotes; Shannon Index: p = 0.0323 for prokaryotes). The identified pairwise-comparisons results were obtained through a post hoc Mann–Whitney Bonferroni adjusted test.
Fig 2.
Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) of microbial communities by vintage, location, cultivar and plots.
(A) Fungal communities grouped according to the vintage, (B) location, (C) cultivar and (D) plot. (E) Prokaryotic communities grouped according to the vintage, (F) location, (G) cultivar and (D) plot. Samples were grouped at 20% of dissimilarity distance using the generalized Unifrac metric. P values to observe significant difference between communities were obtained through a PERMANOVA test, and are represented on the left hand corner of each figure.
Fig 3.
Average relative abundance of the most dominant microbial communities according to the vintage, vineyard location and cultivar.
Identified fungal communities classified by (A) vintage year, (B) vineyard location and by (C) cultivar. Identified prokaryotic communities’ classified by (D) vintage year (E) vineyard location and (F) cultivar. Only the communities with abundance > 0.1% are represented.
Fig 4.
Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) of fungal and bacterial communities.
(A) Represents the CCA analysis of the main abundant fungal classes and (B) represents the CCA analysis of the main abundant bacterial classes classified. The 2015 samples are marked in red, the 2016 in green and the 2017 in blue.