Table 1.
Temporal characteristics and vertical ground reaction forces measured in clinically healthy dogs.
Fig 1.
Ground reaction forces in clinically healthy dogs.
Stance time (A), vertical impulse (B) and maximum peak pressure (C) measured in 41 clinically healthy dogs using the Tekscan pressure-sensitive walkway system. Following acclimatization, 6 successive valid recordings were obtained for each dog, with 3 recordings in each direction from sensor I to IV. Fore:hind symmetry of the stance time measurements was visually observed (A), whereas the vertical impulse (B) and maximum peak pressure (C) were asymmetric because of the increased weight load on the thoracic limbs compared to pelvic limbs in clinically healthy dogs. Left: right symmetry was visually observed for all parameters (A-C).
Table 2.
Temporal characteristics and vertical ground reaction forces measured in dogs previously diagnosed with osteoarthritis.
Table 3.
Precision of ground reaction forces measured in individual limbs of dogs previously diagnosed with OA.
Fig 2.
Comparison of different symmetry indices in dogs with osteoarthritis.
Plots of Maximum peak pressure (A-D) and Vertical impulse (E-H) in 12 dogs with osteoarthritis (OA) with thoracic limb lameness (A-B and E-F) and 9 dogs with pelvic limb lameness (C-D and G-H), respectively. Measurements obtained from the Tekscan pressure-sensitive walkway system are presented as diagonal, fore:hind, and left:right symmetry indices (SI), respectively. SIs were calculated across right thoracic limb (RF), left thoracic limb (LF), right pelvic limb (RH), and left pelvic limb (LH) as simple ratios (SI (1), A,C,E,G) and as indices modified from Schnabl-Feichter et al., 2018 (SI (2), B,D,F,H), respectively.
Table 4.
Proportions of dogs with osteoarthritis and symmetry indices differing from clinically healthy dogs.
Fig 3.
Symmetry indices in dogs with osteoarthritis comparing different grades and limbs of lameness.
Plots of left:right symmetry indices (SIs) of maximum peak pressure (A-D) and vertical impulse (E-H) in 21 dogs with osteoarthosis (OA) and 41 clinically healthy dogs obtained from the Tekscan pressure-sensitive walkway system (PSW). Dogs were divided in groups by the visual grade of lameness (0–5) of left (L) or right (R), thoracic (fore—F) and pelvic (hind—H) limb, respectively. SIs were calculated as simple ratios (SI (1), A,C,E,G) and as indices modified from Schnabl-Feichter et al., 2018 (SI (2), B,D,F,H), respectively. Using data from the clinically healthy dogs, parametric reference intervals were calculated for SI (1) as mean±2SD, whereas non-parametric reference intervals were calculated for SI (2) using either the 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles or the 95% percentile, as appropriate. Calculated reference intervals are presented as horizontal lines.
Table 5.
Proportion of dogs with lameness having symmetry indices (SI) deferring from the references of clinically healthy dogs.