Fig 1.
Factors that affect the survival of viruses in stationary droplets on surfaces.
Table 1.
Chemicals used to make solutions and their concentrations in virus suspensions.
Fig 2.
Concentration of bacteriophages (A) MS2 and (B) Φ6 in droplets with different initial sodium chloride concentration before (dark bars) and after (light bars) 1 h exposure to low, intermediate, and high RH (mean ± s.d. of triplicates). Relative viability of (C) MS2 and (D) Φ6 after 1 h exposure (lines shown the mean of triplicates). The number of virions in droplets at the start of the exposure experiments was 105−106 PFU.
Fig 3.
Concentration of bacteriophages (A) MS2 and (B) Φ6 in droplets with different initial pH values before (dark bars) and after (light bars) 1 h exposure to low, intermediate, and high RH (mean ± s.d. of triplicates). Relative viability of (C) MS2 and (D) Φ6 after 1 h exposure (lines show the mean of triplicates). The number of virions in droplets at the start of the exposure experiments was 105−106 PFU. The dark gray dashed line indicates the detection limit (104 PFU/mL) of plaque assay. ND indicates no viable virus was detected.
Fig 4.
Concentration of bacteriophages (A) MS2 and (B) Φ6 in droplets with different initial protein concentration before (dark bars) and after (light bars) 1 h exposure to low, intermediate, and high RH (mean ± s.d. of triplicates). Relative viability of (C) MS2 and (D) Φ6 after 1 h exposure (lines show the mean of triplicates). The number of virions in droplets at the start of the exposure experiments was 105−106 PFU.
Fig 5.
Concentration of bacteriophages (A) MS2 and (B) Φ6 in droplets with different initial surfactant concentration before (dark bars) and after (light bars) 1 h exposure to low, intermediate, and high RH (mean ± s.d. of triplicates). Relative viability of (C) MS2 and (D) Φ6 after 1 h exposure (lines show the mean of triplicates). The number of virions in droplets at the start of the exposure experiments was 105−106 PFU. The dark gray dashed line indicates the detection limit (104 PFU/mL) of plaque assay. ND indicates no viable virus was detected.
Fig 6.
Evaporation rate of droplets with different chemical compositions at (A) 20% RH, (B) 50% RH, and (C) 80% RH.
The lines represent the mean of duplicates. Error bars are not shown to facilitate visualization. The relative standard deviation averaged 7%, 18%, and 7% at 20%, 50%, and 80% RH, respectively.