Fig 1.
Map of Paranapiacaba Forest Continuum and the sampled sites. EEX: Ecological Station of Xitué; PECB: Carlos Botelho State Park; PEI: Intervales State Park; PENP: Nascentes do Paranapanema State Park; and PETAR: Alto Ribeira Tourist State Park, São Paulo State, Brazil.
Table 1.
Perlidae species recorded in Paranapiacaba Mountains (São Paulo State, Brazil) with known life stages and distribution.
Fig 2.
Bayesian inference tree obtained using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences (636 bp) from specimens from the Paranapiacaba Mountains (São Paulo State, Brazil) and related stoneflies from Paraná State (red rectangle) and Santa Catarina State (blue rectangle), Brazil. Numbers are clusters support (bootstrap) recovered. The tree was rooted using a sequence of Gripopterygidae. Delimitation methods: 1) morphology (Morph); 2) Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) considering primary partition (ABGDp); 3) ABGD considering recursive partition (ABGDr); and 4) Poisson Tree Processes (PTP) and Bayesian implementation of the Poisson Tree Processes (bPTP).
Fig 3.
Intra- and interspecific divergences comparisons.
Percentages of pairwise intra- and interspecific divergences obtained by Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) showing the barcode gap in Anacroneuria (A) and Kempnyia (B).
Fig 4.
Teneral pattern of Anacroneuria species.
Head and pronotum of A. debilis adult male (A) and teneral adult males (B and C); A. itajaimirim adult male (D) and teneral adult males (E and F); A. tupi adult female (G) and teneral adult males (H and I); A. polita adult female (J) and teneral adult male (K). Scale: 1 mm.
Fig 5.
Morphological variation within cluster Kempnyia neotropica + K. petersorum.
Head and pronotum of adult females (A and C) and teneral adult female (B) of K. neotropica. Head and pronotum of adult males (D–F) of K. petersorum according to description by Froehlich [70]. Scale: 1 mm.
Fig 6.
Head and pronotum of A. boraceiensis adult male (A), A. iporanga adult male (B), A. itajaimirim adult male (C), A. polita adult male (D), A. subcostalis adult female (E), and A. tupi adult male (F). Scale: 1 mm.
Fig 7.
Adult male, head and pronotum (A). Tergum 9 with hammer (B). Penial armature in ventral (C), dorsal (D), and lateral (E) views. Scale: 1 mm.
Fig 8.
Teneral male, head and pronotum (A). Tergum 9 with hammer (B). Penial armature in ventral (C), dorsal (D), and lateral (E) views. Scale: 1 mm.
Fig 9.
Head and pronotum (A), mesonotum and metanotum (B), abdomen (C), labium (D), right mandible (E), right maxilla (F), foreleg (G), cercus in proximal, medial and distal views (H). Scales: 1 mm for A–G and 0.5 mm for H.
Fig 10.
Kempnyia and Macrogynoplax species.
Head and pronotum of a K. colossica adult male from the Paranapiacaba Mountains (A), PR (B) and SC (C), a K. flava adult female (D), a K. sp. adult female (E) and an M. veneranda adult male (F). Scale: 1 mm.