Fig 1.
Estimated ZIP code exposure to FQHC funding changes using shift-share approach (2010–2011).
Note: Q1 = 1st Quartile, Q2 = 2nd Quartile, etc. which range between the numbers in brackets. Red circles represent FQHCs in their geographic locations, with the size of the circle corresponding to the magnitude of the change in funding received by that FQHC from 2010–2011. Five-digit ZIP code areas are colored by shades of green, with darker areas indicating ZIP codes that were exposed to larger changes in FQHC funding between 2010–2011. Map data from U.S. Census Bureau TIGER/Line® Shapefiles (https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2017/) in the public domain. Data from the Uniform Data System (UDS) and the Massachusetts All-Payer Claims Database (APCD) (2010–2011).
Table 1.
Changes in FQHC funding and FQHC visit patterns, 2010–2013.
Table 2.
Characteristics of Massachusetts residents with at least one FQHC visit versus no visits in 2010 in APCD.
Fig 2.
Association between changes in total funding and APCD enrollees with FQHC visits.
Notes: “Current year” refers to year concurrent to change in outcome, which is one of 2010–11, 2011–12, or 2012–13. Regressions weighted by ZIP code population; outcomes capped at 99th percentile; coefficients scaled to represent change in outcomes associated with a 1 SD change in predictors (Current year % Δ all funds SD = 32.07; 1-year prior % Δ all funds SD = 31.05; 2-year prior % Δ all funds SD = 21.94). Bars indicate 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 3.
Association between changes in total funding and APCD enrollees with ED visits.
Notes: “Current year” refers to year concurrent to change in outcome, which is one of 2010–11, 2011–12, or 2012–13. Regressions weighted by ZIP code population; outcomes capped at 99th percentile; coefficients scaled to represent change in outcomes associated with a 1 SD change in predictors (Current year % Δ all funds SD = 32.07; 1-year prior % Δ all funds SD = 31.05; 2-year prior % Δ all funds SD = 21.94). Bars indicate 95% confidence intervals.