Fig 1.
Distribution of the sites selected for human dental enamel samples for strontium isotope analyses.
Some sites provided samples from different archaeological cultures that are marked by overlapping coloured dots. The full name of each site can be found in the supporting information to this article (Table A in S1 Table) together with their abbreviations.
Fig 2.
Sites where human dental enamel was sampled for oxygen isotope analyses.
Some sites provided samples from several archaeological cultures that are represented by overlapping coloured dots. The full name of each site can be found in the Supplement (Table A in S1 Table) together with their abbreviations.
Fig 3.
Number of individuals and corresponding dental enamel samples selected within the framework of this project for strontium and oxygen isotope analyses.
They are organised by regions and archaeological cultures.
Fig 4.
δ18O local baseline ranges at the different sites in the sample.
The ranges were artificially fixed to ± 1 ‰ around the average δ18O value of modern precipitation data at each site (data source: OIPC (waterisotope.org, last accessed: February 2, 2020) [37–40]). Modern δ18O data of the River Danube in Hungary [64–66] were included on the map.
Fig 5.
Human dental enamel 87Sr/86Sr ratios per site.
The sites follow a geographical order: Transdanubia (north to south); Alföld (south to north). Croatian samples are listed separately.
Fig 6.
Differences in the 87Sr/86Sr between teeth from the same individuals.
The normal variation in strontium isotope composition within the sites could be calculated by adding the two standard deviations to the average value of the difference between both deciduous teeth, between the deciduous tooth and the first molar, and between both first molars (range marked by the black lines). The labelled individuals show an offset that exceeded the normal variation within the sites, which could be related to mobility or to a significant shift in food sources during tooth formation.
Fig 7.
Oxygen isotope data (δ18O in ‰) of human dental enamel from Transdanubia, the Alföld and Croatia.
The sites follow a geographical order: Transdanubia (north to south); Alföld (south to north). Croatian samples are listed separately.
Fig 8.
Differences in the δ18O between teeth from the same individuals.
The normal variation in oxygen stable isotope composition within the sites could be calculated by adding two standard deviations to the average δ18O value of the difference between both deciduous teeth, between the deciduous tooth and the first molar, and between both first molars (range marked by the black lines). The labelled individuals show an offset that exceeded both the normal variation within the sites and the expected offset related to a potential breastfeeding-effect, which could therefore be related to mobility or to a significant shift in food sources during tooth formation.
Fig 9.
Comparison of the number (red dots) and the percentage (light grey lines) of site outliers with the sample size (dark grey dots) per site.
Different archaeological cultures represented at the same site are illustrated separately in the diagram. A) represents the interpretation of strontium isotope data, B) represents the interpretation of oxygen stable isotope data, and C) represents the final interpretation combining strontium and oxygen stable isotope data.
Fig 10.
Comparison of the number (red dots) and the percentage (light grey lines) of site outliers with the sample size (dark grey dots) at the sites that provided least eight individuals.
This diagram makes a distinction between archaeological cultures for which a large (a) and a small (b) proportion of site outliers is expected.
Fig 11.
Number and percentage of site-specific, mobile, micro-regional and non-local individuals per archaeological cultures in Transdanubia and in the Alföld for both strontium and oxygen isotope analyses.
The numbers (n) indicate the sample size for each cultural group over the whole sample. Because of similar cultural affiliations, the Croatian samples were included in the Transdanubian diagram.
Fig 12.
Percentage and number of non-local, micro-regional, mobile and site-specific males, females, indeterminate adults (undet.), infants and adolescents in Transdanubia (A) and in the Alföld (B). The data are presented by archaeological culture.