Fig 1.
Parenchymatic cortical cells of the primary roots of soybean cultivars colonized by Trichoderma spp.
Treatments: A) Uninoculated control of the cultivar NA 5909 RG; B) Uninoculated control of the cultivar BRSGO Caiaponia; C) T. asperellum on NA 5909 RG; D) T. asperellum on BRSGO Caiaponia; E) T. harzianum on NA 5909 RG; F) T. harzianum on BRSGO Caiaponia. Arrowheads: hyphae/spores.
Fig 2.
Evaluation of the height of soybean cultivars (NA 5909 RG and BRSGO Caiaponia) at 7 (Ev1 –dark gray), 14 (Ev2—white) and 21 (Ev3 –light gray) days after sowing, inoculated with two isolates of Trichoderma spp. (T. asperellum, T. harzianum).
Bars signaled by the same lowercase letters do not differ among treatments, and uppercase letters do not differ between cultivars, by Tukey’s test at 5% probability.
Fig 3.
Activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyases (PAL), β-1-3-glucanases (GLU) and chitinases (CHI) in soybean leaves from cultivars NA 5909 RG and BRSGO Caiaponia non treated or treated with T. asperellum or T. harzianum.
Means followed by the same lowercase letters (effect of treatments), and uppercase (between cultivars) did not differ by Tukey’s test at 5% probability.
Fig 4.
Cross sections of the leaf lamina of soybean cultivars NA 5909 RG (A-I) and BRSGO Caiaponia (J-R). Midrib—200 μm (A, D, G and J, M, P); Mesophyll, 100 μm (B, E, H and K, N, Q); Cross-sections of the root median region 200 μm (C, F, I and L, O, R). Treatments: Uninoculated control: A, B, C and J, K, L; Trichoderma asperellum: D, E, F and M, N, O; Trichoderma harzianum: G, H, I and P, Q, R.
Fig 5.
Leaf lamina of soybean cultivar NA 5909 RG, uninoculated (control).
Cross sections: A) Tector trichome; B) Glandular trichome. Longitudinal sections: C) general view of minor veins with calcium oxalate crystals at the periphery; D) Detail of calcium oxalate crystals (*).
Fig 6.
Detached epidermis from the abaxial surface of the leaves of soybean cultivars inoculated with Trichoderma spp. isolates, evidencing the paracytic stomata.
Treatments: A) Uninoculated control on NA 5909 RG; B) Uninoculated control on BRSGO Caiaponia; C) T. asperellum on NA 5909 RG; D) T. asperellum on BRSGO Caiaponia; E) T. harzianum on NA 5909 RG; F) T. harzianum on BRSGO Caiaponia.
Table 1.
Histometric and cytometric analyses of roots of two soybean cultivars (NA 5909 RG and BRSGO Caiaponia) treated with Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma harzianum.
Table 2.
Histometric and cytometric analyses of leaves of two soybean cultivars (NA 5909 RG and BRSGO Caiaponia) treated with Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma harzianum.
Fig 7.
Ordering diagram by principal component analysis of soybean cultivars treated with Trichoderma spp. isolates.
Variables of soybean growth: height 21 days after sowing and weight of the plant. Anatomical data: RC: thickness of the root cortex (μm); VC: mean diameter of the vascular cylinder (μm); XyR: mean diameter of the vessel elements in the xylem of roots (μm); XyL: mean diameter of vessel elements in the xylem of leaves (μm); ME: mean thickness of the leaf mesophyll (μm); PP: mean thickness of the palisade parenchyma (μm); SP: mean height of the spongy parenchyma (μm); SDAdE: stomatal density of the adaxial epidermis (stomata per mm2); SDAbE: stomatal density of the abaxial epidermis (stomata per mm2); AdE: thickness of the adaxial epidermis (μm); AbE: thickness of the abaxial epidermis (μm).