Fig 1.
In vivo Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) permeability of C5 ceramides.
(A) Schematic representation of the in vivo assay. Synthetic plant-type ceramides were injected intravenously into mice. After 30 min, the brain was removed and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. (B) Chemical structure of d18:2/C5-ceramide. (C) Levels of d18:2/C5-ceramide in the brain after injection at low (0.1 mM) or high (1 mM) dosage. Data are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD; n = 3 per group; *p <0.05 by t-test). (D) Levels of d18:2/C5-SM and d18:2/C5-GlcCer in the brain after injection at low and high dosage. Data are presented as means ± SD (n = 3 per group; ns, not significant; *p <0.05 by t-test).
Fig 2.
In vivo Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) permeability of C15 ceramide.
(A) Chemical structure of d18:2/C15-ceramide. (B) Levels of d18:2/C15-ceramide in the brain after injection at low and high dosage. Data are presented as means ± SD (Low dosage: n = 3, each group, High dosage: Control, n = 9; d18:2/C15, n = 8; ns, not significant; *p<0.05 by t-test). (C) Levels of d18:2/C15-SM and d18:2/C15-GlcCer in the brain after injection at low and high dosage. Data are presented as means ± SD (Low dosage: n = 3, each group, High dosage: Control, n = 9; d18:2/C15, n = 8; ns, not significant by t-test).
Fig 3.
In vitro Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) permeability.
(A) Schematic representation of an in vitro BBB model constructed from primary cultures of rat brain capillary endothelial cells, brain pericytes, and astrocytes. Synthetic plant-type ceramides (5 μM) were added to the medium in the inserts. After 30 min, conditioned medium in the bottom wells was collected and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. (B) Chemical structure of d18:2/C5-ceramide. (B) Chemical structures of d18:2/C6- and d18:2/C15-ceramides. (C) Levels of d18:2/C6-ceramide and d18:2/C15-ceramide. Data are presented as means ± SD (n = 3; *p <0.05 by t-test. (D) Levels of d18:2/C6-SM, d18:2/C15-SM, and GlcCer. Data are represented as means ± SD (n = 3; ns, not significant; *p <0.05 by t-test).