Fig 1.
Heart rate during interventions.
Boxplots showing the heart rate of (left) privately owned horses (PRI) and (right) university horses (UNI) during baseline, social isolation, and transportation.
Table 1.
Facial expressions during the interventions as defined by the HFI method.
Table 2.
Facial expressions during the interventions (combined) as defined by the Co-occurrence method.
Fig 2.
Changes in action unit (AU) and action descriptor (AD) frequency patterns between interventions and control. Asterisk marks significant difference from control (*p<0.05, **p<0.01; ***p<0.001).
Fig 3.
Maximum duration of EquiFACS codes.
The interventions affected the duration (s) of activity for an action unit (AU). Asterisk marks significant difference from control (*p<0.05, **p<0.01; ***p<0.001).
Table 3.
Results of Leave-One-Out classification for action units with and without pre-selection.
Fig 4.
Illustration of facial expressions during the interventions.
Action units (AU)/action descriptors (AD) relevant for the interventions. A: Upper lid raiser (AU5) and Eye white increase (AD1). B: Inner brow raiser (AU101). C: Nostril dilator (AD38). D: “Ear flicker”/ Ear rotator (EAD104). E: Tongue show (AD19). Action codes (right) are compared with a “neutral” horse (left). Illustration by Anders Rådén/ARDI.