Fig 1.
Drainage network of the lower course of the BMR basin and field survey locations (Base map: TanDEM-X data (https://tandemx-science.dlr.de/) [51]).
Also shown is the change of the shoreline for the last 3500 years (modified from [52, 53]).
Table 1.
Change in the SI values of the selected meanders within the period of 2018–2019.
Fig 2.
Representation of the BMR basin with Sentinel 2A data [60] and study locations with UAV-derived orthomosaics and characterization of meandering river (Characterization table is modified from [61]).
Fig 3.
Representation of the classified area with UAV surveys and supervised classification results of the BMR Basin (Sentinel 2A data was used for classification [60]).
Table 2.
Results of the accuracy assessment for each class.
Fig 4.
Changes between classes for each year.
Fig 5.
Demonstration of the GCPs on a UAV-derived orthomosaic with an example of a landmark.
Table 3.
Flight specifications.
Fig 6.
DSAS–change detection along the riverbanks demonstrated on UAV-derived orthomosaics.
Fig 7.
The study regions with the highest sediment change used in GCD calculation demonstrated on UAV-derived orthomosaics.
Fig 8.
Representation of TRMM grids associated with the study locations (Base map: TanDEM-X data [51]).
Fig 9.
Time series of the precipitation data acquired by the TRMM and the Aydın station.
(a) Time series of the precipitation data acquired by the TRMM in the periods of 1998–2019 and (b) Time series of the precipitation data acquired by the TRMM in the periods of 2017–2019.
Fig 10.
Spatial distribution of percentiles calculated from TRMM satellite data.
(a) 99th percentiles calculated from TRMM satellite data. (b) 90th percentiles calculated from TRMM satellite data. (c) 50th percentiles calculated from TRMM satellite data.
Fig 11.
CDF and return period graphs derived from precipitation data (TRMM GRID ID) representing regions of field surveys; (a) TRMM GRID ID 6, (b) TRMM GRID ID 10, (c) TRMM GRID ID 15, (d) TRMM GRID ID 19, (e) TRMM GRID ID 23 and (f) Aydın Station.
Fig 12.
Quantification of extreme precipitation events associated with each GRID ID and Aydın station between April 2018 and October 2019.
Fig 13.
Changes of eroded/deposited sediments in the selected locations for the field survey period of 2018–2019.
(a) Areal changes of eroded/deposited sediments in the selected locations. (b) Volumetric changes of eroded/deposited sediments in the selected locations.
Fig 14.
Change detection along the riverbanks extracted by DoDs.
The purple lines on the UAV-derived orthomosaics indicate the riverbank profiles (A–A’ and B–B’) and profile directions.