Fig 1.
Location and plans of the two late Bell Beaker culture cemeteries of Irlbach and Alburg (Straubing, Bavaria, Germany); the graves nos. 11, 15, 16 and 17 from the Alburg cemetery are shown as examples.
Table 1.
Overview table of Irlbach and Alburg grave numbers, osteological and genetic sex, age group at death, burial position, archaeological dating/period, 87Sr/86Sr enamel values, δ18Oc values, mtDNA haptotype and Y DNA haplogroup.
Fig 2.
Genetic sexing results of the A) Irlbach and B) Alburg cemeteries.
Fig 3.
Pie chart of mtDNA haplotype distribution of A) Irlbach and B) Alburg, in comparison C) with the Bell Beaker cemeteries around Augsburg.
Fig 4.
Principal Component Analysis using ~600000 autosomal genetic markers on 990 present-day West Eurasians (shown as grey circles).
Ancient individuals are projected onto the first two principal components computed on the present-day individuals, to avoid the effects of ancient DNA damage.
Fig 5.
Genetic intra-group kinship results of the A) Irlbach and B) Alburg cemeteries.
Fig 6.
Kinship pattern indicated and genealogy reconstructed for the Alburg cemetery.
Fig 7.
Kinship pattern indicated and genealogy reconstructed for the Irlbach cemetery.
Fig 8.
Scatter plot of 87Sr/86Sr and δ18Oc isotope ratios of the individuals of the Irlbach and Alburg cemeteries.
Outlier graves are numbered (below the datapoint) and sex and age at death (above the datapoint) are indicated. The yellow background represents the local range of the 87Sr/86Sr ratio, the green background that of δ18Oc. Typical 87Sr/86Sr errors are 0.00001. Note that the δ18Oc outlier of IRL 2 is not shown in this graph as we could not get a 87Sr/86Sr ratio value for this young adult woman.
Fig 9.
Social institutions as a model: 9A: Exogamy and male foundation of new settlements within existing patterns. 9B: Exogamy and male foundation of new settlements in period of geographical expansion. 9C: Kinship diagram of the reconstructable Proto-Indo-European terms for relatives of the marital partners. The wealth of words for relatives on the husband’s side versus the absence of those on the wife’s side is consistent with a system of patrilocal exogamy.