Table 1.
Eight types of DNA coding rules.
Table 2.
Complement operation for base complementary principle.
Table 3.
DNA sequence of addition and XOR operations.
Fig 1.
Block diagram of image encryption based on DNA coding.
Fig 2.
The framework of this research.
Fig 3.
Encoding of original image using the R1 rule and decoding it using the remaining seven rules to obtain the encrypted image: (a)Original image. (b) Encoding with R1 and decoding with R2. (c) Encoding with R1 and decoding with R3. (d) Encoding with R1 and decoding with R4. (e) Encoding with R1 and decoding with R5. (f) Encoding with R1 and decoding with R6. (g) Encoding with R1 and decoding with R7. (h) Encoding with R1 and decoding with R8.
Table 4.
Comparison of the characteristics of the eight different fixed coding.
Fig 4.
Decomposition diagram of dynamic coding (a) by row, (b) by pixel, and (c) by binary bit.
Fig 5.
Three types of DNA dynamic encoding and decoding images for “lena”.
Encrypted images using dynamic coding (a) by row, (b) by pixel, and (c) by binary bit.
Table 5.
Comparative characteristics of different dynamic coding methods.
Fig 6.
Variation of the partial bases in the first row of the“lena” image for the three complementary methods.
(a) Variation of partial bases in the first row of the “lena” image, (b) variation of DBCO, (c) variation of SRCO, (d) variation of DRCO.
Fig 7.
Encrypted images and histograms of “lena” for the three complementary methods.
Encrypted images and histograms obtained by (a) and (b) DBCO, (c)—(n) SRCO (static rule is R1–R6 in Table 4), and (o)—(p) DRCO.
Table 6.
Comparison of the three complementary methods.
Fig 8.
Encrypted image and histogram of addition operation.
(a)Encrypted image of ‘lena’. (b) Histogram of encrypted image.
Fig 9.
Encrypted image and histogram of XOR operation.
(a) Encrypted image of “lena.” (b) Histogram of the encrypted image.
Table 7.
Comparison of addition and XOR operations.
Table 8.
Analysis of image encryption based on combinations of multiple DNA operations.
Table 9.
Comparison of the performance of DNA coding operations.
Table 10.
Comparing the performance of combinatorial DNA operations.
Fig 10.
Encrypted image and decrypted image produced by the proposed scheme.
(a) Original image of “Cameraman,” (b) Encrypted image of “Cameraman,” (c) Decrypted image of (b); (d) Original image of “Woman,” (e) Encrypted image of “Woman,” and (f)Decrypted image of (e).
Table 11.
Global and local information entropy of the encrypted images.
Table 12.
Comparison of information entropy of the proposed and the existing methods.
Table 13.
Results of key sensitivity analysis.
Table 14.
Comparison of key sensitivities of the proposed and the existing methods.
Fig 11.
Histograms of the original and the encrypted images.
(a)Histograms of “Cameraman,” (b) Histograms of encrypted image of “Cameraman,” (c))Histograms of “Woman,” (d) Histograms of encrypted image of “Woman.”
Table 15.
Histogram variances of the original and encrypted images.
Table 16.
Correlation coefficients of the original and encrypted images.
Table 17.
NPCR and UACI values of two plaintext images with very little differences (1st pixel value+1).
Table 18.
Comparison of NPCR and UACI values of the proposed and the existing methods.
Table 19.
NIST randomness test of encrypted images.