Fig 1.
Map of the Sanfranciscana Basin.
Fig 2.
Laeliichthys ancestralis Santos, 1985 [1].
Holotype UERJ-DZ03. A, Complete specimen; B, photograph of the head region; C, anatomical interpretations. Abbreviations: Ang, angular; Cl, cleithrum; Cor, coracoid; D, dentary; Dsph, dermosphenotic; Ecp, ectopterygoid; Epo, epiotic; Enp, endopterygoid; Exs, extrascapular; Fr, frontal; gr.ot.sc, groove for otic sensory canal; gr.so.br, groove for supraorbital branch of otic sensory canal; gr.so.sc, groove for supraorbital sensory canal; Hy, hyomandibula; Io, infraorbital; L, lacrimal; Mst, mesethmoid; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Op, opercle; Pa, parietal; Pm, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Psp, parasphenoid; Pto, pterotic; Pt, posttemporal; Q, quadrate; Rar, retroarticular; Sca, scapula; Scl, supracleithrum. Scale bar equals 15 mm.
Fig 3.
Laeliichthys ancestralis Santos, 1985 [1].
Specimen DGM-1158.P. A, photograph of the head region; B, anatomical interpretations. Abbreviations: br, branchiostegals; Cha, anterior ceratohyal; Cl, cleithrum; Cor, coracoid; D, dentary; Dsph, dermosphenotic; Enp, endopterygoid; Fr, frontal; gr.ot.sc, groove for otic sensory canal; gr.so.br, groove for supraorbital branch of otic sensory canal; gr.so.sc, groove for supraorbital sensory canal; Hy, hyomandibula; L, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Op, opercle; Ors, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pmx, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Psp, parasphenoid; Pt, posttemporal; Pto, pterotic; Sca, scapula. Scale bar equals 5 mm.
Fig 4.
Laeliichthys ancestralis Santos, 1985 [1].
Specimen DGM-1159.P. A, photograph of the head region; B, anatomical interpretations. Abbreviations: Ang, angular; br, branchiostegals; bhtp, basihyal toothplate; Cha, anterior ceratohyal; Cl, cleithrum; D, dentary; Epo, epiotic; Exs, extrascapular; Fr, frontal; gr.so.br, groove for supraorbital branch of otic sensory canal; gr.so.sc, groove for supraorbital sensory canal; Hy, hyomandibula; Io, infraorbital; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Op, opercle; Pa, parietal; Pmx, premaxilla; Psp, parasphenoid; Pt, posttemporal; Pto, pterotic. Scale bar equals 5 mm.
Fig 5.
Laeliichthys ancestralis Santos, 1985 [1].
Specimen UERJ-DZ 002. A, photograph of the head region; B, anatomical interpretations. Abbreviations: Ang, angular; Cl, cleithrum; D, dentary; Dsph, dermosphenotic; Enp, endopterygoid; Exs, extrascapular; Fr, frontal; gr.ot.sc, groove for otic sensory canal; gr.so.br, groove for supraorbital branch of otic sensory canal; gr.so.sc, groove for supraorbital sensory canal; Hy, hyomandibula; Io 1–4, infraorbitals 1 to 4; L, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Op, opercle; Pa, parietal; Pmx, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Psp, parasphenoid; Pt, posttemporal; Pto, pterotic; Q, quadrate; Rar, retroarticular Soc, supraoccipital. Scale bar equals 5 mm.
Fig 6.
Laeliichthys ancestralis Santos, 1985 [1].
Holotype UERJ-DZ03, sensory canals. Abbreviations: gr.io.sc, groove for infraorbital sensory canal; gr.md.sc, groove for mandibular sensory canal; gr.pop.sc, groove for preopercular sensory canal; gr.ot.sc, groove for otic sensory canal; gr.so.br, groove for supraorbital branch of otic sensory canal; gr.so.sc, groove for supraorbital sensory canal; st.com, supratemporal commissure. Traces in orange represent the sensory canals running in grooves; in green sensory canal, or segments of canal, that lies entirely within a bony tube.
Fig 7.
Laeliichthys ancestralis Santos, 1985 [1].
A, photograph of the specimen UERJ-DZ04. Scale bar equals 5 mm; B, photograph of the caudal region of UERJ-DZ03. Scale bar equals 5 mm; C, anatomical interpretations of the caudal endoskeleton. Abbreviations: H1–H6, first to sixth hypurals; Nspu1, neural spine on preural centrum 1; Nsu1, neural spine on Ural centrum 1; Ph, parhypural; Un1 and Un2, first and second uroneurals.
Table 1.
Character states for Laeliichthys ancestralis Santos 1985 [1].
Fig 8.
Strict consensus tree of the two equally most parsimonious trees (length 242, CI = 0.
5000, HI = 0.500, RI = 0.7381 and RC = 0.3690), analyzed with PAUP.
Fig 9.
Simplified geological time range of notopteroids.
Distribution through geological time modified from López-Arbarello (2012) [58] Thick lines represent sampled fossil record, while thin lines highlight the ghost lineages.