Fig 1.
Prisma 2009 flow diagram literature search and study selection.
PRISMA diagram showing the different steps of systematic review, starting from literature search to study selection and exclusion. At each step, the reasons for exclusion are indicated. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052562.g001.
Table 1.
Characteristics of clinical trials included in this meta-analysis.
Fig 2.
Risk-of-bias graph and risk.
Fig 3.
Effects of music therapy and music medicine to reduce depression.
Fig 4.
Effects of active music therapy, receptive therapy, and music therapy+receptive therapy to reduce depression.
Fig 5.
Effects of specific music therapy method to reduce depression.
Table 2.
Subgroup analyses of music-based intervention to reduce depression.
Fig 6.
Effects of music therapy and music medicine to reduce depression by total sessions.
A, evaluating the effect of music therapy; B, evaluating the effect of music medicine.
Table 3.
Meta-regression analysis of the main characteristics of the 33 studies.
Table 4.
Sensitivity analyses of the main outcomes [SMD (95%CI)].
Fig 7.
Funnel plot illustrating proneness to publication bias for the included studies.
A, evaluating the publication bias of music therapy; B, evaluating the publication bias of music medicine; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; CDI = Children’s Depression Inventory; CDSS = depression scale for schizophrenia; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression; CS = Cornell Scale; DMSRIA = Depression Mood Self-Report Inventory for Adolescence; EPDS = Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; GDS-15 = Geriatric Depression Scale-15; GDS-30 = Geriatric Depression Scale-30; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HRSD (HAMD) = Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; MADRS = Montgomery-sberg Depression Rating Scale; PROMIS = Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; SDS = Self-Rating Depression Scale; State-Trait Depression Questionnaire = ST/DEP; SV-POMS = short version of Profile of Mood Stat.