Fig 1.
a) Location of Doñana National Park in Europe and the Iberian Peninsula. b) Location of the study sites: Matasgordas (area = 274 ha) and Martinazo (area = 16.7 ha).
Fig 2.
Difference in Chamaerops humilis visit patterns for frugivore pairs of species (null model 1).
The observed values (black bars) represent the mean number of visits by a frugivore species (sp1) to individual plants visited (PV) by a second frugivore species (sp2). The expected values (grey bars) represent the mean number of visits by sp1 to plants not visited (PNV) by sp2. (* P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001).
Fig 3.
Significant interactions between frugivores of Chamaerops humilis resulting from applying null model 2.
Black dots indicate the observed mean time differences (OMTD). Black lines and grey bars represent the expected 95% and 90% intervals of time elapsed between visits, respectively. (A) Interactions derived from the whole set of visit data, using C. humilis individuals at a minimum distance of 100 m. (B) Interactions derived from the whole set of visit data, using C. humilis individuals at a minimum distance of 200 m. (C) Interactions derived from data corresponding to frugivores physical interactions with C. humilis at a minimum distance of 100 meters. (D) Interactions derived from data corresponding to frugivores physical interactions with C. humilis at a minimum distance of 200 meters.
Fig 4.
Significant interactions between frugivores of Chamaerops humilis resulting from applying null model 3.
Black dots indicate the observed mean time differences (OMTD). Black lines and grey bars represent the expected 95% and 90% intervals of time elapsed between visits, respectively. (A) Interactions derived from the whole set of visit data. (B) Interactions derived from data corresponding to frugivore physical interactions with C. humilis.
Fig 5.
Difference in Pyrus bourgaeana visit patterns for frugivore pairs of species (null model 1).
The observed values (black bars) represent the mean number of visits by a frugivore species (sp1) to individual plants visited (PV) by a second frugivore species (sp2). The expected values (grey bars) represent the mean number of visits by sp1 to plants not visited (PNV) by sp2. (* P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001).
Fig 6.
Significant interactions between frugivores of Pyrus bourgaeana resulting from applying null model 3.
Black dots indicate the observed mean time differences (OMTD). Black lines and grey bars represent the expected 95% and 90% intervals of time elapsed between visits, respectively. (A) Interactions derived from the whole set of visit data.
Fig 7.
Effects on C. humilis and P. bourgaeana’s reproductive success.
Direct and indirect interaction pathways between pairs of frugivore species in relation to Chamaerops humilis and Pyrus bourgaeana’s reproductive success based on interaction patterns obtained from null models 2 and 3.