Fig 1.
PRISMA flow diagram showing the selection process of retrieved studies.
Table 1.
Study characteristics of diabetic and non-diabetic pregnant women included in the study.
Table 2.
Level of specific AGEs and related metabolic biomarkers implicated for diabetic complications.
Fig 2.
Forest plot depicting the mean level (U/ml) of AGEs in GDM and pregnant controls.
Fig 3.
Forest plot depicting the BMI of women with GDM and controls.
Fig 4.
Forest plot comparing the level of HOMA-IR among women with GDM and pregnant controls.
(A) without sensitivity analysis (B) with sensitivity analysis.
Fig 5.
Forest plot depicting the level of HbA1c among women with GDM and controls.
(A) without sensitivity analysis (B) with sensitivity analysis.
Fig 6.
Forest plot depicting the level of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 (ng/ml) among women with GDM and controls.
Table 3.
Subgroup analysis of outcome measures based on continent, trimester of pregnancy and sample type.
Fig 7.
Bubble plot depicting the univariate meta regression of SMD with overall sample size.
Fig 8.
Bubble plot depicting the univariate meta-regression of SMD with years of publication.
Fig 9.
Meta-influence plot showing the impact of every study on the overall SMD estimate.
Fig 10.
Funnel plot showing the publication bias of studies.
Small studies with larger effect sizes are shown in the right lower side of the plot.