Fig 1.
Defining outcomes for a systematic review or meta-analysis.
Elements of outcome domains required for complete outcome specification in health research. Figure adapted from [15]; see also the PRISMA-P [16] statement or description of PICOS [15].
Fig 2.
Domains used to define depression and anxiety as constructs for analysis.
YSR = Youth Self Report scale.
Fig 3.
Domains used to define gaming disorder as a construct for analysis.
IGD = Internet gaming disorder; PG = problematic gaming; PIU = problematic Internet use. (a) Sensitivity analysis: Clinical population of those seeking help for gaming-related problems but an Internet addiction scale was used. (b) Including those adapted from Internet addiction scales where an example question is given. (c) Where scales referenced appendices or other papers, these were also searched for example questions.
Fig 4.
PRISMA flow diagram.
Table 1.
Review characteristics and reliability criteria.
Fig 5.
Associations between problematic gaming and depression.
a = Composite reporting of outcomes in review made comparisons difficult.
Fig 6.
Study reporting of associations between problematic gaming and anxiety.
a = Composite reporting of outcomes in review made comparisons difficult.