Table 1.
Comparison of different detection steps in surficial N+ charge density.
Fig 1.
Optimization of detection method of surficial N+ charge density.
Fig 2.
(A) Features of resin D213 before and after detection of surficial N+ charge density; (B) changes in surficial N+ charge density, exchange capacity and antibacterial efficacy with increasing resin sizes of Py-1C. One resin sphere of D213 was cut into two parts (A), one for showing its interior and the other for showing its surface. The above surficial N+ charge densities were detected with the method B1 in Table 1. All antibacterial experiments were performed at least in triplicate, and the error bars indicate the standard deviations from the mean values obtained.
Fig 3.
(A) Correlation analysis of antibacterial efficacy with surficial N+ charge density, exchange capacity and zeta potential of Py-1C resin; (B) correlation analysis of antibacterial efficacy with surficial N+ charge density, exchange capacity and zeta potential of Py-6C resin. QAs: quaternary ammonium groups; “QAs of C1/ E. coli”: QAs with methyl against E. coli; “QAs of C6/ S. aureus”: QAs with hexyl against S. aureus. All experiments were performed at least in triplicate.
Fig 4.
(A) D201 resin; (B) D205 resin; (C) D213 resin; (D) D314 resin; (E) D730 resin; (F) Py-0 resin; (G) E. coli; (H) conjugates of E. coli and Py-1C resin. Images were taken using a scanning electron microscope.
Fig 5.
(A) Comparison of values of surficial N+ charge densities and exchange capacities in different quaternary ammonium resins (QARs); (B) estimation application of surficial N+ charge density indicating antibacterial efficacy in commercial QARs. Particle sizes of QARs are shown in S1 Table in S1 File (A); Particle sizes of QARs are of 80‒100 mesh (B). All antibacterial experiments were performed at least in triplicate, and the error bars indicate the standard deviations from the mean values obtained.