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Fig 1.

Basic structure of ANN model.

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Fig 2.

Langat River basin [47].

Reprinted from [47] under a CC BY license, with permission from PLOS ONE, original copyright 2017.

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Table 1.

Statistical analysis of the data for both stations.

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Fig 3.

Plot of monthly average interpolated data of nitrate-N and ammonia-N.

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Fig 4.

Plot of monthly average data of rainfall, water level and discharge.

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Table 2.

Different input and internal parameters for different ANN models.

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Fig 5.

Flow chart for the model selection for nitrate-N at Lui station.

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Fig 6.

Taylor diagram for nitrate-N (Lui).

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Fig 7.

Taylor diagram for ammonia-N (Kajang).

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Table 3.

Optimum ANN models for Lui and Kajang stations.

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Fig 8.

Comparison of mean square error for different input vectors for nitrate-N at station Lui.

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Fig 9.

Comparison of mean square error for different training data division percentage for nitrate-N at station Lui.

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Fig 10.

Plot of variation of mean square error against number of nodes in hidden layers for nitrate-N at station Lui.

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Fig 11.

Plot of variation of mean square error against number hidden layers for nitrate-N at station Lui.

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Fig 12.

Plot of variation of testing mean square error against spread values for general regression model for nitrate-N at station Lui.

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Fig 13.

Plot of variation of testing mean square error against spread values for RBFNN model for nitrate-N at station Lui.

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Fig 14.

Plot of variation of mean square error against epochs for nitrate-N at station Lui.

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Fig 15.

Relative error percentage plot for optimum selected model.

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Fig 16.

Observed versus predicted plot for optimum selected models.

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Fig 17.

Average uncertainty of different models.

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Table 4.

Comparison of current study results with literature.

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