Fig 1.
Comparison between the different applied weed control techniques (intense and gentle flaming, tillage and mowing), including mean plant cover (Fig 1A), functional divergence (Fig 1B) and functional dispersion (Fig 1C). Different letters show significant differences across treatments (p<0.05), while shade areas are the confidence intervals (95%).
Table 1.
Results of plant diversity indices.
Table 2.
Functional traits results.
Fig 2.
Comparison between the different applied weed control techniques (intense and gentle flaming, tillage and mowing) regarding annual species frequency (a), plant height (b), root depth index (c), presence of storage organs (d), leaf area (e), specific leaf area (f), reproduction by seed (g), number of flowering months (h). Different letters show significant differences across treatments (p<0.05), while shade areas are the confidence intervals (95%).
Fig 3.
Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) ordination.
Centroids of each vineyard row treatment (i.e. Flam1 = intense flaming, Flam2 = gentle flaming, Mow = mowing, Till = tillage) and standard error of the average of scores (shaded elliptic area with 95% confidence limit) are reported. A selection of species was plotted according to species scores and further abundance priority selection (Che.alb = Chenopodium album, Con.can = Conyza canadensis, Dig.san = Digitaria sanguinalis, Fum.off = Fumaria officinalis, Gal.par = Galinsoga parviflora, Poa.tri = Poa trivialis, Pol.avi = Polygonum aviculare, Rum.obt = Rumex obtusifolius, Sol.nig = Solanum nigrum, Son.ole = Sonchus oleraceus, Sor.hal = Sorghum halepense, Ste.med = Stellaria media, Tar.off = Taraxacum sect. Taraxacum, Ver.per = Veronica persica).