Fig 1.
Abra de Zamora and nearby study sites.
1. Huacapamba, 2. Reserva Biológica San Francisco, 3. Reserva Madrigal del Podocarpus, 4. Parque Nacional Podocarpus (Cajanuma sector), 5. Reserva El Cristal.
Fig 2.
A. General view of the higher part of Abra de Zamora (2800 m a.s.l.) with subpáramo ecosystem in the foreground. These terrestrial bromeliads are the type of microhabitat where Gastrotheca psychrophila specimens were collected in the ‘60s and '70s. In the background the old road that connected Loja with Zamora (Vía Antigua Loja-Zamora) is visible. B. Subpáramo ecosystem of the higher part (2750 m a.s.l.), habitat of Pristimantis balionotus, P. colodactylus, P. matildae sp. nov., P. samaniegoi sp. nov., and P. versicolor. C. Evergreen upper montane forest ecosystem (2600 m a.s.l.), habitat of P. andinognomus, P. atratus, P. cryptomelas, P. samaniegoi sp. nov., and P. versicolor. D. Evergreen lower montane forest ecosystem (1850 m a.s.l.), habitat of Bolitoglossa sp., Rhinella margaritifera, Gastrotheca testudinea, P. galdi and an undescribed Pristimantis species.
Fig 3.
Maximum likelihood phylogram of the Lynchius species based on 2925 base pairs of concatenated DNA from 12S, 16S, and RAG-1 gene fragments.
Bootstrap values (%) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (decimal) are shown except when they are below 50 (bootstrap) or 0.5 (posterior probability); asterisks indicate support values of 100% or 1 (posterior probabilities). Outgroup is not shown; the tree was routed with Strabomantis anomalus. With green are marked the newly generated sequences for the present study. The collection number, species name, province and short locality name (for the Ecuadorian samples) or country (for the Peruvian samples) of the samples are shown next to each terminal (associated data listed in S2 Table).
Fig 4.
Lynchius flavomaculatus (MUTPL 342, adult female) in life.
A. Dorsolateral view; B. Ventral view; C. Profile view of the head.
Fig 5.
Release call of Lynchius flavomaculatus (MUTPL 342, FUTPL-A 246).
A. Oscillogram of a single call; B. Spectrogram of a single call; C. Power spectrum of a single call.
Fig 6.
Distribution of Lynchius flavomaculatus and of the species from the Pristimantis orestes species group described from Abra de Zamora.
Records are based on specimens (and DNA sequences) deposited at the Museo de Zoología, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (MUTPL). 1. Bosque Protector Washapamba, 2. Reserva Madrigal del Podocarpus, 3. Parque Nacional Podocarpus (Cajanuma sector).
Fig 7.
Maximum likelihood phylogram of the Pristimantis orestes species group based on 2683 base pairs of concatenated DNA from 12S, 16S, and RAG-1 gene fragments.
Bootstrap values (%) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (decimal) are shown except when they are below 50 (bootstrap) or 0.5 (posterior probability); asterisks indicate support values of 100% or 1 (posterior probabilities). Outgroup is not shown; the tree was routed with Pristimantis galdi. With green are marked the newly generated sequences for the present study; with blue and red are marked the newly described species. The collection number, species name, province and short locality name of the samples are shown next to each terminal; all samples are from Ecuador (associated data listed in S2 Table).
Fig 8.
Color variation of Pristimantis vidua in life.
A–F females: A. MUTPL 312, B. MUTPL 164, C. MUTPL 586, D. MUTPL 590, E. MUTPL 153, F. MUTPL 150; G–I males: G. MUTPL 495, H. MUTPL 496, I. MUTPL 148. Abra de Zamora (A, G, H), Bosque Protector Washapamba (B, E, F, I), Parque Nacional Podocarpus—Cajanuma (C, D). Most common coloration of this species is presented in A, G and H.
Table 1.
Body mass (in grams), measurements (in mm) and morphological proportions (in percentages) of adult females and males of the species from the Pristimantis orestes species group described from Abra de Zamora.
Fig 9.
Advertisement call of Pristimantis vidua (FUTPL-A 239).
A. Oscillogram of a 10 calls section of the call series; B. Oscillogram of a single call; C. Spectrogram of a single call; D. Power spectrum of a single call.
Table 2.
Quantitative description of the advertisement calls (mean ± SD, range and n) of the Pristimantis tiktik, P. vidua, P. samaniegoi sp. nov., P. balionotus, and P. versicolor.
Fig 10.
Holotype of Pristimantis samaniegoi sp. nov. (MUTPL 357, adult female), SVL 20.1 mm, in life.
A. Lateral view; B. Ventral view; C. Dorsal view.
Fig 11.
Holotype of Pristimantis samaniegoi sp. nov. (MUTPL 357, adult female) in preservative.
A. Dorsal view; B. Ventral view; C. Lateral view.
Fig 12.
Holotype of Pristimantis samaniegoi sp. nov. (MUTPL 357, adult female) in preservative.
A. Dorsal view of head; B. Profile view of head; C. Palmar view of hand: D. Plantar view of foot.
Fig 13.
Color variation of Pristimantis samaniegoi sp. nov. in life.
A. amplexus: female, holotype (MUTPL 357) and male, paratype (MUTPL 356); B–C females, paratypes: B. MUTPL 676, C. MUTPL 777; D–E males, paratypes: D. MUTPL 358, E. MUTPL 674; F. juvenile, paratype: MUTPL 660. Abra de Zamora (B, C, E, F), Parque Nacional Podocarpus—Cajanuma (A, D).
Fig 14.
Advertisement call of Pristimantis samaniegoi sp. nov. (FUTPL-A 242).
A. Oscillogram of a 6 calls section of the call series; B. Oscillogram of a single call; C. Spectrogram of a single call; D. Power spectrum of a single call.
Fig 15.
Color variation of Pristimantis colodactylus in life.
A–B females: A. MUTPL 311, B. MUTPL 388; C. male: MUTPL 675; D–E juveniles: D. MZUA 2491, E. MUTPL 732. All specimens are from Abra de Zamora.
Fig 16.
Holotype of Pristimantis matildae sp. nov. (MUTPL 731, adult male), SVL 20.2 mm, in life.
A. Lateral view; B. Ventral view; C. Dorsal view.
Fig 17.
Holotype of Pristimantis matildae sp. nov. (MUTPL 731, adult male) in preservative.
A. Dorsal view; B. Ventral view; C. Lateral view.
Fig 18.
Holotype of Pristimantis matildae sp. nov. (MUTPL 731, adult male) in preservative.
A. Dorsal view of head; B. Profile view of head; C. Palmar view of hand: D. Plantar view of foot.
Fig 19.
Color variation of Pristimantis matildae sp. nov. in life.
A–C females, paratypes: A. MUTPL 361, B. MUTPL 394, C. MUTPL 813; D–E males, paratypes: D. MUTPL 362, E. MUTPL 360; F. juvenile, paratype: MUTPL 733. Abra de Zamora (B, F), Parque Nacional Podocarpus—Cajanuma (A, C, D, E).
Fig 20.
Relative size of the fingers and toes in Pristimantis colodactylus (MUTPL 388, SVL 20.5 mm), P. muranunka (MUTPL 652, SVL 20.1 mm) and P. matildae sp. nov. (Holotype, MUTPL 731, SVL 20.2 mm).
Fig 21.
Maximum likelihood phylogram of the Huicundomantis subgenus of Pristimantis based on 2463 base pairs of concatenated DNA from 12S, 16S, and RAG-1 gene fragments.
Bootstrap values (%) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (decimal) are shown except when they are below 50 (bootstrap) or 0.5 (posterior probability); asterisks indicate support values of 100% or 1 (posterior probabilities). Outgroup is not shown; the tree was routed with Pristimantis galdi. With green are marked the newly generated sequences for the present study. The collection number, species name, province and short locality name of the samples are shown next to each terminal; all samples are from Ecuador (associated data listed in S2 Table). Abbreviations: CCS = confirmed candidate species, UCS = unconfirmed candidate species [30].
Fig 22.
Color variation of Pristimantis cryptomelas in life.
A. female: MUTPL 168; B. male: MUTPL 470; C. subadult: MUTPL 135; D. juvenile: MUTPL 493. Abra de Zamora (B, C), Bosque Protector Washapamba (A), Parque Nacional Podocarpus—Cajanuma (D). Most common coloration of this species is presented in A.
Table 3.
Body mass (in grams), measurements (in mm) and morphological proportions (in percentages) of adult females and males of the species from the Subgenus Huicundomantis described from Abra de Zamora.
Fig 23.
Distribution of the species of the Huicundomantis subgenus described from Abra de Zamora.
Records are based on specimens (and DNA sequences) deposited at the Museo de Zoología, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (MUTPL). 1. Bosque Protector Washapamba, 2. Ramos Urcu, 3. Huacapamba, 4. Reserva Madrigal del Podocarpus, 5. Parque Nacional Podocarpus (Cajanuma sector), 6. Reserva Tapichalaca.
Fig 24.
Color variation of Pristimantis percultus in life.
A–B females: A. MUTPL 810, B. MUTPL 812; C. subadult: MUTPL 811. All specimens are from Parque Nacional Podocarpus—Cajanuma.
Fig 25.
Color variation of Pristimantis balionotus in life.
A. female: MUTPL 392; B–C males: B. MUTPL 677, C. MUTPL 487; D–F juveniles: D. MUTPL 489, E. MUTPL 490, F. MUTPL 491. Abra de Zamora (A, B), Reserva Madrigal del Podocarpus (C, D, E, F). Most common coloration of this species is presented in B.
Fig 26.
Advertisement call of Pristimantis balionotus.
A–D MUTPL 677, FUTPL-A 232: A. Oscillogram of a 6 calls section of the call series, with single and double-noted calls; B. Oscillogram of a single-noted call; C. Spectrogram of a single-noted call; D. Power spectrum of a single-noted call; E–F FUTPL-A 230: E. Oscillogram of a 6 notes section of a 8-noted call; F. Spectrogram of a 6 notes section of a 8-noted call.
Fig 27.
Color variation of Pristimantis versicolor in life.
A. female: MUTPL 390; B–C males: B. MUTPL 112, C. MUTPL 740; D–E subadults: D. MUTPL 497, E. MUTPL 293; F. juvenile: MUTPL 313. Abra de Zamora (A, B, D, E, F), Reserva Tapichalaca (C). Most common coloration of this species is presented in A and F.
Fig 28.
Advertisement call of Pristimantis versicolor (MUTPL 112, FUTPL-A 234).
A. Oscillogram of a 9 calls section of the call series, with single, double and triple-noted calls; B. Oscillogram of a pulsed, single-noted call; C. Spectrogram of a pulsed, single-noted call; D. Power spectrum of a pulsed, single-noted call; E. Oscillogram of a 5-noted call; F. Spectrogram of a 5-noted call.
Fig 29.
Other amphibian species present in Abra de Zamora.
A. Rhinella margaritifera, from Parque Nacional Podocarpus (Bombuscaro entrance); B. Gastrotheca elicioi, from Loja city; C. Gastrotheca testudínea, from Abra de Zamora; D. Pristimantis atratus, from Abra de Zamora; E. Pristimantis galdi, from Reserva Tapichalaca; F. Pristimantis lymani, from Loja city.