Fig 1.
Directed acyclic graph showing potential time-fixed and time-dependent confounders of the association between physical activity and lung function over time in the ECRHS cohort.
Table 1.
Description of the study population (n = 753).
Fig 2.
Associations of physical activity with lung function over time estimated using SEMs in the ECRHS cohort.
Cov t (time-varying confounders): number of pack-years smoked, passive smoking exposure, weight. Cov f (time-fixed confounders): sex, education, age, age-squared, height, occupation, AHEI-2010 score, respiratory infection in childhood, centre. NB: The inclusion of BMI (instead of weight), menopausal status (in addition to age and age-squared), and occupational exposures compromised statistical power without substantially altering the results, thus they were not considered as covariates in the final models. β: difference in the expected lung function measure comparing active versus non-active individuals. OR: odds ratio comparing the risk of being active versus non-active for each 500 mL increase in lung function measures.
Fig 3.
Effects of physical activity on lung function estimated using MSMs (main and sensitivity analysis) in the ECRHS cohort.
β: difference in the expected lung function measure comparing active versus non-active individuals. *Models included. number of pack-years smoked, passive smoking exposure, weight, sex, education, age, age-squared, height, occupation, AHEI-2010 score, respiratory infection in childhood), and centre.
Fig 4.
Effects of frequency and duration of physical activity on lung function, estimated using MSMs in the ECRHS cohort.
β: difference in the expected lung function measure. *Models included number of pack-years smoked, passive smoking exposure, weight, sex, education, age, age-squared, height, occupation, AHEI-2010 score, respiratory infection in childhood), and centre.