Fig 1.
Pareiorhaphis hystrix, MCP 48327, male, 99.2 mm SL in dorsal, lateral and ventral views.
Middle Antas River, Taquari River basin, São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul State.
Fig 2.
Pareiorhaphis hystrix, MCP 53241, female, 85.0 mm SL.
Ponte Alta River, tributary to Canoas River, Uruguay River basin, Ponte Alta, Santa Catarina State.
Fig 3.
Distribution of sampling localities of Pareiorhaphis hystrix and outgroups, including both alcohol specimens and tissue samples.
Each symbol may represent more than one lot or locality. T = Taquari River basin; U = Uruguay River basin.
Table 1.
Summary of area, river basin, number of lots, number of specimens, and number of tissue samples examined of Pareiorhaphis hystrix.
Table 2.
Region and size of amplified genes, primer, and primer sequence.
Fig 4.
Variation in development of cheek fleshy lobe and associated odontodes of males of Pareiorhaphis hystrix.
(A) Chapecó, MCP 40150; (B) Ijuí, MCP 11704; (C) Middle Uruguay, MCP 50946; (D) Passo Fundo, MCP 53257; (E) Middle Antas, MCP 48327; (F) Canoas, MCP 53259; (G) Prata, MCP 22787; (H) Ijuí, MCP 21191; (I) Upper Antas, MCP 50156; (J) Middle Antas, MCP 43518; (K) Upper Antas, UFRGS 8910.
Fig 5.
Variation in development of pectoral-fin spine odontodes of males of Pareiorhaphis hystrix.
(A) short, Middle Uruguay, MCP 50946; (B) long, Middle Antas, MCP 48327. Arrows indicate the odontodes.
Fig 6.
Variation in color pattern of Pareiorhaphis hystrix.
(A) small dark blotches, female, Ijuí, MCP 48639, 75.3 mm SL; (B) large dark blotches, female, Ijuí, MCP 44995, 89.7 mm SL; (C) coarse vermiculations, male, Middle Uruguay, MCP 51452, 86.4 mm SL; (D) fine vermiculations, male, Upper Antas, UFRGS 21850, 82.9 mm SL.
Fig 7.
Schematic drawing of anterior abdominal plate variation in specimens of Pareiorhaphis hystrix.
(A) Passo Fundo; (B) Chapecó; (C) Middle Uruguay; (D) Canoas; (E) Ijuí.
Fig 8.
Box plots of variable meristic data between different areas of occurrence of Pareiorhaphis hystrix according to Tukey’s Pairwise results.
Each graphic contains the number of: (A) premaxillary teeth, left side; (B) dentary teeth, left side; (C) median lateral plates; (D) plates at dorsal-fin base; (E) plates between dorsal and adipose fins; (F) plates between adipose and caudal fins; (G) plates at anal-fin base; (H) plates between anal and caudal fins; (I) pre-adipose azygous plates; (J) branched dorsal-fin rays; (K) branched pectoral-fin rays; (L) branched pelvic-fin rays; (M) branched anal-fin rays; and (N) branched caudal-fin rays. For each sample, the 25 to 75% quartiles are indicated by a box; the mode is represented by a dot; the minimum and maximum values are shown as short vertical lines.
Table 3.
Morphometric and meristic data of Pareiorhaphis hystrix.
Table 4.
Morphometric and meristic data of Pareiorhaphis hystrix.
Fig 9.
Scatter plot of principal components PC1 x PC2 factor scores.
Each color represents an area studied in the Taquari River and Uruguay River basins.
Fig 10.
Scatter plot of Linear discriminant analysis LDA1 x LDA2 factor scores.
Each color represents an area studied in the Taquari River and Uruguay River basins.
Table 5.
Haplotype and nucleotide data of Pareiorhaphis hystrix.coI.
Fig 11.
Haplotype network of concatenated genes coI, cytb, 16S, and 12S for all samples of Pareiorhaphis hystrix.
Transverse bars between haplotypes indicate number of mutations; size of each circle is proportional to the number of specimens grouped in each haplotype. H = haplotype; T = Taquari River basin; U = Uruguay River basin; median vectors = unsampled sequences. Specimens with large amount of missing data removed from analysis.
Fig 12.
Haplotype network of mitochondrial genes of Pareiorhaphis hystrix.
Transverse bars between haplotypes indicate number of mutations; size of each circle is proportional to the number of specimens grouped in each haplotype. H = haplotype; T = Taquari River basin; U = Uruguay River basin; median vectors = unsampled sequences. Specimens with large amount of missing data removed from analysis.
Table 6.
Mean genetic distance between and within different areas of Pareiorhaphis hystrix and outgroup species for concatenated mitochondrial genes.
Table 7.
Mean genetic distance between and within different areas of Pareiorhaphis hystrix and outgroup species for coI.
Fig 13.
Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction based on concatenated mitochondrial genes of Pareiorhaphis hystrix (coI, cytb, 16S, 12S).
Color bars represent the nine geographic areas studied; black bars indicate river basin. Node numbers represent posterior probability.
Fig 14.
Bayesian topology and species delimitation estimated using the single-threshold in the General Mixed Yule Coalescent model (GMYC) for Pareiorhaphis hystrix (coI).
Color bars represent the nine geographic areas studied; black bars represent possible OTUS. Node numbers correspond to BI posterior probability (PP). OTU = operational taxonomic unit.