Fig 1.
A: A list-method directed forgetting paradigm followed by a free recall test, as used in this study. B: An example of one stimulation condition block, consisting of six list-method directed forgetting tasks in pseudorandom order. Participants were instructed to recall all words (both to-be-remembered and to-be-forgotten) only after the last forget-cued task per block. TBR = to-be-remembered. Diagrams adapted from Hanslmayr et al. (2012). C: Approximate stimulation locations, displayed on an example brain surface. D: A computerized serial Stroop task, as used in this study. Congruent, neutral, incongruent, and negative priming trials were shown.
Fig 2.
No statistically significant effect of stimulation site on forgetting and enhancement effects.
A: Mean forgetting effect in percentage points (memory performance in list R1—memory performance in list L1) under dlPFC and vertex stimulation. B: Mean enhancement effect in percentage points (memory performance in list F2—memory performance in list R1) under dlPFC and vertex stimulation. Colored area represents effect distribution over the 24 participants as a Gaussian kernel density plot. C: Mean memory performance in all lists and conditions—list 1 before a remember cue (R1), list 1 before a forget cue (F1), list 2 after a remember cue (R2), and list 2 after a forget cue (F2). Error bars represent within-participant 95% CIs in all plots [26].
Fig 3.
A: Mean reaction times in ms in all trial types of the Stroop task after dlPFC or vertex stimulation. Error bars represent within-participant 95% CIs [26]. B: Forgetting and enhancement effect under vertex stimulation during the first task block vs. the second task block over participants. Error bars represent 95% CIs. C: Forest plot of a fixed effect meta-analytical combination of the two studies conducted on the effect of dlPFC 1Hz rTMS stimulation on forgetting in list-method directed forgetting so far. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals, effect size is Hedge’s g.