Table 1.
People living with HIV and herpes zoster co-infection.
Fig 1.
Relation between plasma and CSF HIV-1 RNA concentrations in the 4 subject subgroups.
A. Treated CSF escape group including the 4 HZ (brown circles) and two other infections—neuroborreliosis, NB (orange) and HSV-2 encephalitis (blue); B. Treated, no escape, 5 HZ with overlapping CSF HIV-1 RNA levels at the LLoQ (pale green); C. Untreated CSF discordant (purple); and D. Untreated CSF nondiscordant group (dark green). Plasma values are represented by open symbols and CSF with solid symbols and lines connect plasma and CSF from the same individual.
Fig 2.
Comparisons of six variables among the four subject groups.
Symbol colors are the same as in Fig 1 above. A. CSF WBC counts with escape group including the 2 non-HZ infections; B. CSF neopterin concentrations with escape group including the HSV-2 encephalitis; C. blood CD4+ T cell counts with escape group including the 2 non-HZ infections; D. CSF NfL concentrations in HZ; E. Time from outbreak of HZ rash to LP; and F. scaled distance from HZ eruption to LP site. Error bars show medians and interquartile ranges. The statistical comparisons shown are between the treated (escape and no escape) and untreated (discordant and nondiscordant) group pairs by Mann-Whitney test.
Fig 3.
Relation of CSF HIV-1 RNA and CSF:plasma HIV- RNA ratio to CSF WBC counts.
A. Linear regressions plotting the relation of the log10 CSF HIV-1 RNA concentrations per mL to the log10 CSF WBC counts per μL in the treated (lower line) and untreated (upper line) subjects. Symbol colors are as in Fig 1 as per legend. The larger symbols for the no escape subjects indicate two points with overlapping values. B. Linear regression plotting the relation of the CSF:plasma HIV-1 RNA ratio (calculated as log10 difference between CSF and plasma HIV-1 RNA values) to the log10 CSF WBC counts per μL. The horizontal dotted line indicates equivalent values in CSF and plasma. Open symbols are the same colors as in Fig 1. Statistics shown are the P and R squared values from the linear regressions which are plotted with 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 4.
Longitudinal course in an individual with HZ and secondary CSF escape.
The two panels plot the long-term longitudinal course in HZ CSF escape subject 5348 from before initial treatment, through the HZ episode, to more than a decade later. A. shows the course of CSF and plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations and age-corrected NfL. Most notable is the rise in CSF HIV-1 RNA after the HZ (time 0 designated by the downward vertical arrow) and its continued elevation for more than one year despite continued plasma HIV-1 suppression; CSF NfL also rose above baseline levels during this period. B. CSF WBC and CSF and blood neopterin over this same time course. The CSF WBC count rose after the HZ and remained abnormal for over a year, similar to the CSF HIV-1 RNA in panel A. The CSF neopterin also increased during the HZ episode and remained relatively high over the ensuing year before falling later while the plasma neopterin did not alter its trajectory with the HZ episode.