Fig 1.
Model of dietary lipid metabolism in small intestine.
Dietary lipids in digestive tract are emulsified and hydrolyzed by pancreas lipase to free fatty acids and monoglycerides. After the hydrolyzation, lipids are absorbed into small-intestinal epithelial cells, and followed by re-synthesized to TG. Chylomicrons are formed with synthesized TG and apolipoprotein B-48 and are transferred to blood via lymph. Some functional materials (e.g. EGCG) inhibit the emulsification and hydrolyzation of TG in diets, resulting to the suppression of lipids absorption. On the other hand, some functional materials activate the fatty acids β-oxidation through PPARα and AMPK activations.
Table 1.
List of OLTT models using mice or rats for evaluation of plasma TG levels.
Fig 2.
Fatty acids composition of the test oils (Exp 2).
Fig 3.
Effect of mice strain on plasma TG levels and AUC values during the OLTT.
Values are means ± SE (n = 8–10). The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, followed by the post-hoc Tukey-Kramer test. Different letters are significantly different at p<0.05.
Fig 4.
Effect of lipid sources on plasma TG levels and AUC values during the OLTT in ddY mice.
Values are means ± SE (n = 8–10). The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, followed by the post-hoc Tukey-Kramer test. *: Asterisks are significantly different at p < 0.05 between the groups as below; *1, soybean—beef tarrow; *2, soybean, fish—beef tarrow; *3, perilla, fish, beef tarrow—olive; *4, perilla—soybean; *5, perilla, fish, beef tarrow—olive; *6, fish—soybean. Different letters in the AUC values are significantly different at p < 0.05.
Fig 5.
Effect of fasting period on plasma TG levels and AUC values during the OLTT in ddY mice.
Values are means ± SE (n = 8–10). The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, followed by the post-hoc Dunnett test. *: asterisks show significant differences (p < 0.05) in compared to 0 h group. (*): (asterisks) show slight differences (p < 0.1) in compared to 0 h group.
Fig 6.
Effect of EGCG on plasma TG levels and AUC values during the OLTT in ddY mice.
Values are means ± SE (n = 8). The data were analyzed with Student-t test. *: asterisks show significant differences (p < 0.05). (*): (asterisks) show slight differences (p < 0.1).
Fig 7.
Effect of EGCG on intestinal lipids source following the lipids administration in ddY mice.
STD contained a mixture of triolein, diolein, monoolein, and oleic acid. Extracted lipids in the small intestine were separated on a HPTLC. The plate was developed with hexane/diethyl ether/acetic acid (60:40:1, v/v). The spots of each lipid were visualized using iodine.
Fig 8.
Effect of EGCG on plasma and liver TG levels and liver FAS activity in ddY mice.
Values are means ± SE (n = 8). The data were analyzed with Student-t test. **: asterisks show significant differences (p < 0.01).
Fig 9.
Effect of gender on plasma TG levels during the OLTT in ddY mice.
Values are means ± SE (n = 8–9). The data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA, followed by the post-hoc Tukey-Kramer test. As statistically significances were not observed in two-way (gender and EGCG) ANOVA, a one-way ANOVA and comparison among the four groups was not carried out.
Fig 10.
Effect of short-term HFD on plasma TG levels during the OLTT in ddY mice.
Values are means ± SE (n = 8). The data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA, followed by the post-hoc Tukey-Kramer test. As statistically significances were not observed in the two-way (HF diet and EGCG) ANOVA, a one-way ANOVA and comparison among the four groups was not carried out.